A print head includes a body, holding a droplet jetting device, a flexible electrical connection element, and an adhesive covering and securing first and second contact pad structures together. The droplet jetting device has an actuator for jetting a droplet of liquid from a nozzle of the droplet jetting device. The actuator is in electrical connection to the first contact pad structure. The flexible electrical connection element has, at one end, the second contact pad structure, which is mounted onto the first contact pad structure. The first and second contact pad structures each have an interface surface which contacts the interface surface of the other to form an electrical connection. At least one of the first contact pad structure and the second contact pad structure includes a recessed portion as compared to a wider portion positioned between the recessed portion and the interface surface.

Provided is a piezoelectric film that has a perovskite structure preferentially oriented to a (100) plane and that comprises a composite oxide represented by the following compositional formula: Pb.sub.a[(Zr.sub.xTi.sub.1-x).sub.1-yNb.sub.y].sub.bO.sub.3 wherein 0<x<1, and 0.10≤y<0.13, in which in a case where a ratio I.sub.(200)/I.sub.(100) of a diffraction peak intensity I.sub.(200) from a perovskite (200) plane with respect to a diffraction peak intensity I.sub.(100) from a perovskite (100) plane, as measured by an X-ray diffraction method, is r, and a/b is q, 0.28r+0.9≤q≤0.32r+0.95, 1.10≤q≤1.25, and r≤1.00 are satisfied.

An electro-mechanical transducer includes a diaphragm plate on a substrate, a first electrode on the diaphragm plate, an electro-mechanical transducer film on the first electrode, and a second electrode on the electro-mechanical transducer film. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is a common electrode. Another of the first electrode and the second electrode is an individual electrode. At least a portion of the common electrode is laminated on and in contact with the diaphragm plate. The common electrode has a plurality of holes penetrating the common electrode in a lamination direction.

A liquid discharge head configured to discharge a liquid, the liquid discharge head includes a thin film member including a first layer, a second layer bonded with the first layer, and a through hole penetrating through the first layer and the second layer. The through hole includes the first opening in the first layer and the second opening in the second layer.

A flow channel member includes a first flow channel member non-transmissive of ultraviolet light and absorbent of laser light, a second flow channel member non-transmissive of ultraviolet light and absorbent of laser light, the second flow channel member being stacked on the first flow channel member to define a flow channel for liquid to flow between the second flow channel member and the first flow channel member, and a third flow channel member transmissive of laser light, the third flow channel member being fixed to the first flow channel member and the second flow channel member in such a manner as to close a gap between the first flow channel member and the second flow channel member.

A liquid discharge head includes a pressure chamber in which liquid can be stored, a diaphragm forming a bottom wall of the pressure chamber and having a nozzle opening through which liquid supplied from the pressure chamber is discharged in a first direction, and a drive element on a lower surface of the diaphragm and configured to change a volume of the pressure chamber. A protective film covers the drive element and having a first opening corresponding in position with the nozzle opening, and a liquid repellent film covers the protective film and the lower surface of the diaphragm within the first opening. The liquid repellent film has an opening aligned with the nozzle opening and has the same diameter as the nozzle opening. The liquid repellent film on the drive element is thinner than the liquid repellent film on the lower surface of the diaphragm within the first opening.

The liquid ejecting head satisfies at least one of conditions that structures of the first nozzle and the second nozzle are different from each other, that structures of the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber are different from each other, that structures of the first driving element and the second driving element are different from each other, and that structures of the first individual flow channel and the second individual flow channel are different from each other.

A piezoelectric element 10 includes a lower electrode, constituted of a Pt/Ti laminated film, a PLT seed layer, formed on the lower electrode, a PZT piezoelectric film, formed on the PLT seed layer, and an upper electrode, formed on the PZT piezoelectric film. A curve Q1 is a curve drawn such as to pass through a plurality of plotted points, each expressing a PLT (100) peak intensity with respect to a Pt (111) peak intensity according to a substrate setting temperature during forming of the Pt/Ti laminated film. A relationship of the PLT (100) peak intensity with respect to the Pt (111) peak intensity is within a range in the curve Q1 until the PLT (100) peak intensity decreases by 5% from a peak point P, at which the PLT (100) peak intensity is the maximum, and a (100) orientation rate of PLT constituting the seed layer is not less than 85%.

An electronic device includes a first member configured by single crystal silicon, in which the first member includes a first surface configured by a {110} plane in the single crystal silicon, a second surface of an opposite side from the first surface, a through-hole which spans from the first surface to the second surface, a first recessed portion which is opened in the first surface and includes a wall surface configured by a {111} plane, the wall surface being inclined by an angle greater than 0° and less than 90° with respect to the first surface in the single crystal silicon, and a second recessed portion opened in the second surface, and a level difference surface having a different inclination to that of the {111} plane is provided in the middle of the wall surface of the first recessed portion in a depth direction.

A piezoelectric element 10 includes a lower electrode, constituted of a Pt/Ti laminated film, a PLT seed layer, formed on the lower electrode, a PZT piezoelectric film, formed on the PLT seed layer, and an upper electrode, formed on the PZT piezoelectric film. A curve Q1 is a curve drawn such as to pass through a plurality of plotted points, each expressing a PLT (100) peak intensity with respect to a Pt (111) peak intensity according to a substrate setting temperature during forming of the Pt/Ti laminated film. A relationship of the PLT (100) peak intensity with respect to the Pt (111) peak intensity is within a range in the curve Q1 until the PLT (100) peak intensity decreases by 5% from a peak point P, at which the PLT (100) peak intensity is the maximum, and a (100) orientation rate of PLT constituting the seed layer is not less than 85%.