Provided is a catalyst for manufacturing an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which is prepared by a method in which a molybdenum component raw material is composed of only an ammonium molybdate, the weight of water for dissolution is 8.5 times or less relative to the weight of molybdenum contained in the ammonium molybdate; and a bismuth component raw material is composed of only bismuth nitrate, the weight of a nitric acid aqueous solution for dissolution is 2.3 times or more relative to the weight of bismuth contained in the bismuth nitrate, and a nitric acid concentration in the nitric acid aqueous solution for dissolving the bismuth nitrate is 10% by weight or more.

A method for producing a conjugated diolefin is configured as follows. A monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms is fed from a monoolefin feed nozzle(s) installed at n place(s) (n=1, 2, . . . , n). In addition, at least 50% or more of a total amount of an oxygen-containing gas is fed from an oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle located at a bottom of a fluidized bed reactor. Furthermore, the monoolefin feed nozzles at distances a1, a2, . . . , an from the oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle feed the monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms at ratios of b1, b2, . . . , bn (b1+b2+ . . . +bn=1), respectively, and an arithmetic mean value represented by the following formula and obtained from the above distances and the above ratios is 100 mm or more.

arithmetic mean value=a1*b1+a2*b2+ . . . +an*bn

The present invention relates to catalytically active material, comprising grains of non-graphitizing carbon with iron nanoparticles dispersed therein, wherein d.sub.p, the average diameter of iron nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm, D, the average distance between iron nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 2 nm to 150 nm, and , the combined total mass fraction of metal in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 30 wt % to 70 wt % of the total mass of the non-graphitizing carbon grains, and wherein d.sub.p, D and conform to the following relation: 4.5 d.sub.p/>D0.25 d.sub.p/. The present invention, further, relates to a process for the manufacture of material according to the invention, as well as its use as a catalyst.

An ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, a preparation method therefor, and the use thereof are provided. The catalyst includes Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, K.sub.2O, CeO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3 and CaO. The exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2 (100) accounts for 60% or more of the total exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2. The catalyst is used in a reaction for preparing styrene by means of dehydrogenating ethylbenzene at a low water ratio, and has high activity and stability.

The present invention relates to a catalyst in which a ratio (B/A) of a cumulative pore volume (B) in a pore diameter of 0.35 m to 4.0 m to a cumulative pore volume (A) in a pore diameter of 4.0 m to 10.0 m measured by mercury porosimetry is 2.5 to 15.0, and a cumulative specific surface area is less than 5 m.sup.2/g.

The subject matter of the present invention is a process for direct synthesis of (meth)acrolein from a reactive mixture comprising at least one compound chosen from ethers, acetals or hemiacetals derived from linear alcohols comprising from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of compounds are dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, dipropoxymethane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane or 1,1-diethoxyethane. The process of the invention comprises two successive phases: oxidation then aldol condensation, which can be carried out in the presence of a solid oxidation catalyst chosen from molybdenum-based catalysts and optionally of an aldol condensation catalyst. These two phases are carried out in a reaction system comprising a single reactor or optionally two reactors in cascade.

The present invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising cobalt molybdenum and optionally one or more elements selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals on a carbon support wherein said cobalt and molybdenum are in their metallic form. It was surprisingly found that the selectivity for alcohols can be increased by using the carbon supported cobalt molybdenum catalyst as described herein in a process for producing alcohols from a feed stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Furthermore, it was found that the catalyst of the present invention has a decreased selectivity for CO.sub.2 and can be operated at relatively low temperature when compared to conventional catalysts. Moreover, a method for preparing the carbon supported cobalt molybdenum catalyst composition and a process for producing alcohols using said carbon supported cobalt molybdenum catalyst composition is provided.

An ammoxidation catalyst includes a metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1, wherein a first peak having intensity of A appears in the 2 range of 26.3=0.5, and a second peak having intensity of B appears in the 2 range of 28.30.5 in X ray diffraction analysis by CuK, and an intensity ratio (A/B) of the first peak to the second peak is 1.5 or more:
Mo.sub.xBi.sub.aFe.sub.bA.sub.cB.sub.dC.sub.eD.sub.fO.sub.yChemical Formula 1 wherein in Chemical Formula 1, A and B are different from each other, and each independently, are one or more elements of Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, Mg, Ca, and Ba, C is one or more elements of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, D is one or more elements of Cr, W, B, Al, Ca, and V, a to f, x, and y are respectively mole fractions of each atom or atomic group, a is 0.1 to 7, b is 0.1 to 7, provided that the sum of a and b is 0.1 to 7, c is 0.1 to 10, d is 0.01 to 5, e is 0.1 to 10, f is 0 to 10, x is 11 to 14, y is a value determined by each oxidation number of Mo, Bi, Fe, A, B, C, and D.

The present invention discloses a sulfur tolerant carbon monoxide shift conversion catalyst, prepared by the following materials: magnesium source, aluminum source, oxide flux, crystal growth agent, rare earth additive, CoO, MoO.sub.3 and an acidic aqueous solution. A preparation method of the catalyst is provided, comprising the steps of: S1, Adding an aqueous acidic solution and a specific amount of rare earth additive to a specific amount of magnesium source, aluminum source, oxide flux and crystal growth agent, followed by kneading to produce a mixture; S2, Extruding the mixture to obtain an extruded strip product; S3, Drying the extruded strip product to give a semi-finished product; S4, Calcining the semi-finished product to obtain a catalyst carrier; S5, Impregnating the catalyst carrier with the active components CoO and MoO.sub.3 by an incipient-wetness impregnation method to obtain an impregnated product; and S6, Calcining the impregnated product to obtain the catalyst. The oxide flux and crystal growth agent can participate in a solid phase reaction between the magnesium source and aluminum source to form spinel structure, thereby improving the mechanical strength and stability of the spinel. The nano-sized active component can effectively improve the dispersion of the active component, and improve the catalytic activity of the granular boundary of the active component.

The subject matter of the present invention is a process for direct synthesis of (meth)acrolein from a reactive mixture comprising at least one compound chosen from ethers, acetals or hemiacetals derived from linear alcohols comprising from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of compounds are dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, dipropoxymethane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane or 1,1-diethoxyethane. The process of the invention comprises two successive phases: oxidation then aldol condensation, which can be carried out in the presence of a solid oxidation catalyst chosen from molybdenum-based catalysts and optionally of an aldol condensation catalyst. These two phases are carried out in a reaction system comprising a single reactor or optionally two reactors in cascade.