A liquid droplet ejecting method for ejecting a liquid from at least one ejection hole to form the liquid into liquid droplets, the method including: applying a vibration to the liquid in a liquid column resonance-generating liquid chamber, in which the ejection hole is formed, to form a standing wave through liquid column resonance, and ejecting the liquid from the ejection hole, which is formed in a region corresponding to an antinode of the standing wave, to form the liquid into liquid droplets.

An electronic device includes a plurality of substrates joined together in a stacked state, a space formed in one substrate out of the plurality of substrates, and a movable region configured by one face out of faces bounding the space. The movable region includes a recess indented from a space side to partway along a thickness direction of the movable region. An internal dimension of the recess in a direction perpendicular to a substrate stacking direction is larger than an internal dimension of the space in the direction perpendicular to the substrate stacking direction, and a wall bounding the space in the one substrate, and at least a portion of a bottom face of the recess, are adhered together by an adhesive.

A method of manufacturing an electromechanical transducer includes forming a first electrode on a substrate or a base film, forming a piezoelectric film made of lead zirconate titanate on the first electrode, forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric film, and polarizing the piezoelectric film. The polarizing includes applying to the second electrode a positive polarity voltage having a positive polarity relative to a potential of the first electrode, and satisfying a first expression of Ec.sup.P(Ec)<0 and a second expression of |Ec.sup.P(Ec)|>0.15Ec.sup.Pav, where Ec represents an initial coercive field of a negative polarity side of the electromechanical transducer, Ec.sup.P represents a coercive field of the negative polarity side after the applying, Ec.sup.P represents a coercive field of a positive polarity side after the applying, and Ec.sup.Pav represents an average of absolute values of the coercive field Ec.sup.P and the coercive field Ec.sup.P.

A MEMS device includes a first substrate; a second substrate that is disposed laminated on the first substrate; and a functional element that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, in which the second substrate is smaller than the first substrate, and in planar view, an end portion of the second substrate is disposed inside an end portion of the first substrate.

A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer which is provided on the first electrode and which is formed of crystals of a composite oxide with a perovskite structure which is preferentially oriented in a plane, and a second electrode which is provided on the piezoelectric layer and which is formed of platinum which is preferentially oriented in a plane, in which, in the piezoelectric layer, plane intervals L.sub.1 of the crystals on the first electrode side are larger than plane intervals L.sub.2 of the crystals on the second electrode side.

A liquid discharge head includes a discharge port to discharge a liquid, and a liquid chamber to communicate with the discharge port, and further includes a vibrating plate, and a piezoelectric element. The vibrating plate is disposed on a surface of the liquid chamber on a side facing a surface communicating with the discharge port, and includes a plurality of layers stacked in a layered structure. The piezoelectric element is disposed on a second surface of the vibrating plate being a back surface of a first surface of the vibrating plate in contact with the liquid chamber. The vibrating plate has a recessed portion surrounded by a bottom surface and four lateral surfaces intersecting with the bottom surface on the first surface. The recessed portion penetrates through a first layer having the first surface among the plurality of layers of the vibrating plates.