Example methods, apparatus, systems for droplet actuator fabrication are disclosed. An example method disclosed herein for making a droplet actuator includes ablating a first substrate with a laser to form an electrode array on the first substrate. The example method includes applying at least one of hydrophobic or a dielectric material to the electrode array. The example method also includes aligning the first substrate with a second substrate. The second substrate includes a second treated layer. In the example method, the alignment includes a gap between at least a portion of the first treated layer and at least a portion the second treated layer.

There is provided a liquid discharge head including a substrate having a pressure chamber, an actuator, and a channel member. The actuator has a first film arranged on the substrate and a second film arranged on a surface of the first film. The substrate and the channel member are attached to each other with an adhesive. A first through hole is formed in a part of the first film, and a second through hole is formed in a part of the second film. An edge of the first through hole is positioned further inward of the second through hole than an edge of the second through hole. The adhesive is applied to a part of the surface of the first film overlapping with the second through hole, so as to cover a boundary part between the first and second films.

A conductive wire disposed in a layer is described. An example apparatus includes a die including a silicon layer and a first layer coupled to the silicon layer. The example apparatus a conductive wire disposed in the first layer adjacent a perimeter of a location at which a fluid feed slot is to be formed in the silicon layer. The conductive wire has an electrical characteristic that corresponds to whether the fluid feed slot is defective.

A piezoelectric element has a diaphragm, a first electrode on the diaphragm, a piezoelectric layer on the first electrode, and a second electrode on the piezoelectric layer. The piezoelectric layer is a stack of multiple piezoelectric films and is made of a perovskite composite oxide containing lead, zirconium, and titanium and represented by the general formula ABO.sub.3, with the molar ratio of the A-site to the B-site (A/B) in the perovskite composite oxide being 1.14 or more and 1.22 or less. In current-time curve measurement, the activation energy calculated from relaxation current using an Arrhenius plot is 0.6 [eV] or less. The relaxation current is the amount of current at the time at which a downward trend in current turns upward.

A piezoelectric element includes a substrate, a first electrode formed on the substrate, a piezoelectric layer, which is a layered structure of a plurality of piezoelectric films each containing potassium, sodium, and niobium, formed on the first electrode, and a second electrode formed on the piezoelectric layer. A sodium concentration in the piezoelectric layer has a Na local maximum value, which is a local maximum value of the sodium concentration, in a first piezoelectric film, which is among the plurality of piezoelectric films, in the vicinity of the first electrode, a sodium concentration gradient decreasing from the Na local maximum value toward the second electrode, and a Na local minimum value, which is a local minimum value of the sodium concentration, near a boundary between the first piezoelectric film and a second piezoelectric film formed immediately above the first piezoelectric film.

A liquid ejection head includes a laminated body including a first plate having a plurality of ejection nozzles for ejecting a liquid and made from a resin material and a second plate having a plurality of through-holes communicating with the corresponding ejection nozzles and made from a metal material. The laminated body has a plurality of projection parts formed along the array direction Y of the ejection nozzles and having a curved dome shape projecting in the direction from the second plate to the first plate. The second plate has a plurality of through-slits formed adjacent to the projection parts.

A label modification unit may receive a label modification input that indicates a label modification associated with content being written to a label or erased from the label. The label modification unit may identify an area of the label that is associated with the label modification according to the label modification input. The label modification unit may determine, based on a size of the area, a spot size of a light beam that is configured to be emitted by a laser printhead to modify the content within the area. The label modification unit may determine, based on the spot size and the content, an optical path configuration for the laser printhead. The label modification unit may operate the laser printhead according to the optical path configuration to write the content to the area or erase the content from the area.

In one example in accordance with the present disclosure, a fluidic ejection die is described. The die includes an array of nozzles. Each nozzle includes an ejection chamber and an opening. A fluid actuator is disposed within the ejection chamber. The fluidic ejection die also includes an army of passages, formed in a substrate, to deliver fluid to and from the ejection chamber. The fluidic ejection die also includes an army of enclosed cross-channels. Each enclosed cross-channel of the army of enclosed cross-channels is fluidly connected to a respective plurality of passages of the array of passages.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a liquid ejection head, which is capable of patterning a dry film while suppressing deformation of the dry film caused by a pressure. The method of manufacturing a liquid ejection head includes: preparing a substrate including an ejection orifice member on a first surface; forming, on an ejection orifice surface of the ejection orifice member, a protection film having communicating holes for allowing ejection orifices to communicate to outside; closing an opening of a supply port on a second surface on a side opposite to the first surface of the substrate with a dry film; and patterning the dry film by irradiating the dry film with light under a state in which the protection film is formed on the ejection orifice surface.

A method of manufacturing a liquid ejection head includes forming a resist film on a first surface of a light-transmitting support having the first surface and a second surface being a back surface of the first surface; bonding a back side of the surface of the resist film to the support side on a substrate having a through hole so as to block the through hole; exposing the resist film with light transmitted from the second surface to the first surface of the support and forming a portion which is removable with a dissolving liquid and a portion which remains against the dissolving liquid on the resist film; immersing the substrate and the exposed resist film in the dissolving liquid, allowing the dissolving liquid to enter the through hole, and removing the removable portion; and peeling the support from the resist film from which the removable portion has been removed.