A laminated glass includes a pair of glass plates, an interlayer film, and a functional element contacting with the interlayer film, and including conductive films, electrodes, an electrode section, a non-electrode section, a first reference surface, and a second reference surface. When an average value of a height of the electrode section is denoted as t1, an average value of a height of the electrode section as t2, and a length in a crosswise direction of the one of the electrodes as w, 0≤w×t1≤0.7, 0≤w×t2≤0.7, and 3≤w≤20 are satisfied. The functional element is a light control element or an electric heating element, the light control element including: substrates on which conductive films are formed, and a light control layer made of any one or more selected from a group consisting of a suspended particle device, a guest-host liquid crystal, a photochromic material, an electrochromic material, and an electrokinetic material.

A method of connection to a conductive material for, such as, a switchable film, includes steps of providing a switchable film having a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a switchable layer, a second conductive layer, and a second substrate; applying a solder material to the first conductive layer with ultrasonic application to provide a first busbar; and applying the solder material to the second conductive layer with ultrasonic application to provide a second busbar. The busbars are to be connected to connectors.

A transparent roof assembly for a vehicle roof comprises a panel with a transparent area, a light source arranged to provide light into the panel and an out-coupling pattern arranged on the surface of the transparent area of the panel. The out-coupling pattern comprises dots of a light-redirecting material for out-coupling of light introduced into the panel and propagating in the panel, wherein the dots each have a representative diameter of 150 microns or less, preferably 80 microns or less and wherein a total dot surface area of the dots of the out-coupling pattern is smaller than 10% of a total surface area of the transparent area. Thus, the transparent area appears transparent during daytime looking from an interior of the vehicle to an exterior of the vehicle, while sufficient light is provided into the interior when the light source is switched on.

A pre-assembly functional element with electrically controllable optical properties, includes a multilayer film, which includes, in this order, a first protective film, a first carrier film, a first flat electrode, an active layer, a second flat electrode, a second carrier film, and a second protective film, wherein the first protective film and the second protective film are in each case independently selected from a PVB film, an EVA film, or a TPU film. The functional element also includes one or more sealing films that are attached to the multilayer film.

A multilayer film with electrically switchable optical properties, includes arranged areally in the following order a first carrier film, a first electrically conductive layer, an active layer, a second electrically conductive layer, and a second carrier film. The multilayer film has within its area at least one first cutout and the at least one first cutout protrudes in the form of a through-hole through all layers of the multilayer film, the first cutout is filled with an electrically conductive filler compound, which electrically conductingly contacts the first electrically conductive layer within the first cutout, and a first busbar electrically conductingly contacts the electrically conducting filler compound.

A laminated glazing includes a first glass sheet, a first interlayer sheet made of thermoplastic polymer; optionally a solar-protection sheet or functional metal layer having reflective properties in the infrared region and/or in the solar radiation region; a sheet of pressure-sensitive adhesive, in direct contact with a heat-sensitive functional sheet; a second glass sheet; the first glass sheet being in direct contact with the interlayer sheet; the second glass sheet being in direct contact with the sheet of pressure-sensitive adhesive; the sheet of pressure-sensitive adhesive and the second glass sheet are in direct contact at the external face of the latter.

A composite pane with an electrically switchable functional element, includes first and second panes, a thermoplastic intermediate layer joining the first pane to the second pane and including a first laminating film with a thickness of at least 0.3 mm and a second laminating film with a thickness of at most 70 μm. The first laminating film is inserted substantially areally between the first and second panes. The second laminating film is inserted exclusively in the region of the at least one functional element and protrudes with an overhang x of at least 1 mm and at most 10 mm beyond the outer edges of the functional element. The direct layer sequence in the region of an electrically switchable functional element consists of the first pane, the second laminating film, the electrically switchable functional element, optionally, a further second laminating film, the first laminating film, and the second pane.

A privacy glazing structure may include an electrically controllable optically active material that provides controlled transition between a privacy or scattering state and a visible or transmittance state. To make electrical connections with electrode layers that control the optically active material, the privacy glazing structure may include electrode engagement regions. In some examples, the electrode engagement regions are formed as notches in peripheral edges of opposed panes bounding the optically active material. The notches may or may not overlap to provide a through conduit in the region of overlap for wiring. In either case, the notches may allow the remainder of the structure to have a flush edge surface for ease of downstream processing.

A laminated glazing includes a first glass sheet; at least one interlayer sheet made of thermoplastic polymer; optionally a solar-protection sheet or functional metal layer having reflective properties in the infrared region and/or in the solar radiation region; and at least one sheet of pressure-sensitive adhesive, in direct contact with a heat-sensitive functional sheet; a second glass sheet; the first glass sheet being in direct contact with the interlayer sheet; the second glass sheet being in direct contact with the sheet of pressure-sensitive adhesive.

A driver may be used to drive an electrically controllable optically active material in a privacy structure. In some examples, the driver receives power from a power source at a supply voltage and a supply apparent power level and converts the power received from the power source down to a converted voltage and a converted apparent power level. The converted voltage is less than the supply voltage and the converted apparent power level is less than the supply apparent power level. The driver may deliver power at the converted voltage and the converted apparent power level to a voltage convertor, which increase the converted voltage to an operating voltage. The driver can further condition power received from the voltage convertor having the operating voltage and operating apparent power level to provide a drive signal and provide the drive signal the electrically controllable optically active material of the privacy structure.