Technologies relating to increasing hydraulic fracturing efficiencies in subterranean zones by degrading organic matter, such as kerogen, are described. A method for treating kerogen in a subterranean zone includes placing a composition in the subterranean zone, and the composition includes an oxidizer including sodium bromate and an additive including a tetrasubstituted ammonium salt.

Technologies relating to increasing hydraulic fracturing efficiencies in subterranean zones by degrading organic matter, such as kerogen, are described. A method for treating kerogen in a subterranean zone includes placing a composition in the subterranean zone, and the composition includes an oxidizer including sodium bromate and an additive including a tetrasubstituted ammonium salt.

A solid-state lithium ion electrolyte is provided which contains a composite material having at least 94 mole % lithium ions as cation component and multiple anions in an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. An activation energy for lithium ion migration in the solid state lithium ion electrolyte is 0.5 eV or less. Composites of specific formulae are provided. A lithium battery containing the composite lithium ion electrolyte is also provided.

A solid-state lithium ion electrolyte is provided which contains a composite material having at least 94 mole % lithium ions as cation component and multiple anions in an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. An activation energy for lithium ion migration in the solid state lithium ion electrolyte is 0.5 eV or less. Composites of specific formulae are provided. A lithium battery containing the composite lithium ion electrolyte is also provided.

The invention relates to polymeric systems for stabilizing, storing and delivering hypohalide salts. One system consists of material coated with two layers: one prepared from polyethylene glycol epoxide and melamine solution and second prepared from inorganic hypohalide salt solution. The material can be fabric, cotton, bamboo, cellulosic materials, blend of cellulosic and synthetic fibers. Antimicrobial materials comprising this system are also described. Another system consists of material containing pre-formed spaces coated with water-polyethylene glycol solution of hypohalide salt and encapsulated by film forming polymer. Hypohalide salts within both systems are in some cases storage stable for at least three months.

The invention relates to polymeric systems for stabilizing, storing and delivering hypohalide salts. One system consists of material coated with two layers: one prepared from polyethylene glycol epoxide and melamine solution and second prepared from inorganic hypohalide salt solution. The material can be fabric, cotton, bamboo, cellulosic materials, blend of cellulosic and synthetic fibers. Antimicrobial materials comprising this system are also described. Another system consists of material containing pre-formed spaces coated with water-polyethylene glycol solution of hypohalide salt and encapsulated by film forming polymer. Hypohalide salts within both systems are in some cases storage stable for at least three months.

The reaction of sodium hypochlorite with sodium bromide is slow, and commonly only part of the bromide is converted to hypobromite. Methods to accelerate the reaction by adding a regulated amount of acid to a solution comprising bleach and bromide are provided, whereby the yield of hypobromite can be increased. The amount of acid added can be predetermined based on the content of a base in the bleach, and acid can be added to neutralize the base. The amount of acid added can be based on a measured parameter of the reaction that is indicative of reaction kinetics. For example, the amount of acid can be actively controlled by measuring pH, absorbance of visible or near Ultraviolet light, or temperature of the reacting solution and adjusting acid.

The reaction of sodium hypochlorite with sodium bromide is slow, and commonly only part of the bromide is converted to hypobromite. Methods to accelerate the reaction by adding a regulated amount of acid to a solution comprising bleach and bromide are provided, whereby the yield of hypobromite can be increased. The amount of acid added can be predetermined based on the content of a base in the bleach, and acid can be added to neutralize the base. The amount of acid added can be based on a measured parameter of the reaction that is indicative of reaction kinetics. For example, the amount of acid can be actively controlled by measuring pH, absorbance of visible or near Ultraviolet light, or temperature of the reacting solution and adjusting acid.

Adding acid to a solution containing bleach and soluble bromide salt accelerates the reaction producing sodium hypobromite which has a pronounced yellow color. The amount of acid needed to provide complete reaction can be controlled by measuring light absorbed by the solution. Add acid until Absorbance stops increasing, indicating complete conversion of NaBr to NaOBr. The amount of acid added can also be controlled by measuring pH before and after adding NaBr to diluted bleach. When enough acid has been added to fully neutralize sodium hydroxide in the bleach and provide nearly 100% conversion, the difference between the two pH values becomes positive and continuous to increase, whereby acid feed can be controlled to make pH change equal to or greater than a predetermined positive value.

Adding acid to a solution containing bleach and soluble bromide salt accelerates the reaction producing sodium hypobromite which has a pronounced yellow color. The amount of acid needed to provide complete reaction can be controlled by measuring light absorbed by the solution. Add acid until Absorbance stops increasing, indicating complete conversion of NaBr to NaOBr. The amount of acid added can also be controlled by measuring pH before and after adding NaBr to diluted bleach. When enough acid has been added to fully neutralize sodium hydroxide in the bleach and provide nearly 100% conversion, the difference between the two pH values becomes positive and continuous to increase, whereby acid feed can be controlled to make pH change equal to or greater than a predetermined positive value.