A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.

A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.

A composition includes a few-layer phosphorene nanomaterial comprising at least one of mono-, bi-, and n-layer phosphorene nanosheets, where n is an integer selected from 3 to 6; deoxygenated water; and at least one amphiphilic surface active component.

Producing nanostructure materials in a thin film reactor (TFR) from starting material of inorganic or organic material of layered or two dimensional (2D) structure or inorganic material transformed in situ into 2D inorganic material, or single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and a solvent or liquid phase. The TFR can be a vortex fluidic device (VFD) or a device with spaced first and second fluid contact surfaces, which can be conical, for relative rotation to generate shear stress in the thin film therebetween. A liquid supply means delivers a liquid between the first and second fluid contact surfaces. The composition can be exposed to laser energy. The thin film reactor can form graphene, graphene oxide, scrolls, tubes, spheres or rings of the layered or 2D material.

The present disclosure relates to the use of black phosphorus nanoflakes in humidity sensing and transistor applications. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to humidity sensing devices comprising black phosphorus nanoflakes, to methods for sensing humidity with such devices, to transistors comprising black phosphorus nanoflakes, and to methods for switching the gate of such transistors. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a device for sensing moisture, the device including a substrate; and a surface including at least one atomic layer of black phosphorus nanoflakes disposed on the substrate, wherein the sensing device is specific to sensing humidity, exhibiting a selective response against water vapor.

A single-step, in situ bipolar exfoliation system, and methods for exfoliations of multi-layer bulk black phosphorous into single-layer (two-dimensional), few-layer, or even nano-platelets phosphorene are provided. The bipolar exfoliation system can include: a first driving electrode; a second driving electrode electrically connected to the first driving electrode through an external power supply; at least one bipolar electrode comprising multi-layer bulk black phosphorous; and a solvent in physical contact with the first driving electrode, the second driving electrode, and the at least one bipolar electrode. The system can be configured such that the electric conditions between the first and second driving electrodes can be used to turn one end of the at least one bipolar electrode into an anodic pole and the other end of the at least one bipolar electrode into a cathodic pole such that the multi-layer black phosphorous is exfoliated into the single-layer, few-layer, or nano-platelets phosphorene.

Microscopically ordered solid electrolyte architectures for solid-state and hybrid Li ion batteries are disclosed. The architecture comprises at least one porous scaffold comprising a lithium conducting ceramic that is porous enough to be infiltrated with cathode or anode active material in an amount sufficient to enable energy densities greater than 300 Wh/kg. Methods of making these microscopically ordered solid electrolyte architecture by fabricating at least one green ceramic scaffold and applying at least one heat treatment step are also disclosed.

A device for producing black phosphorus which includes a reactor having one end connected to a feeding pipe and another end connected to a discharge pipe; a propeller blade unit including a rotating shaft mounted between the two ends of the reactor and a blade element mounted on the rotating shaft; a motor connected to the rotating shaft for controlling a rotation speed of the blade element; a heating device enclosing the reactor at an outer side and defines the reactor into a plurality of heating zones; and an inert gas input connected to the discharge pipe. The device is simple and safe in operation, can optimize the production process at low cost, and has high level of automation, thus facilitating a continuous production of black phosphorus under normal pressure.

A method of producing black phosphorus which includes the steps of: weighing and mixing reaction raw materials which comprises metallic tin, red phosphorus and monocrystalline iodine, wherein a weight ratio of tin: red phosphorus: iodine is 0.6-3.5: 5-45: 0.1-0.8; feeding the mixture to a high-temperature resistant metal reaction tube; removing air by introducing inert gas and sealing the reaction tube tightly; placing the metal reaction tube inside a muffle furnace for carrying out calcination reaction by first increasing a temperature at a preset rate to a maximum temperature and keeping warm and then decreasing a temperature at a preset rate and keeping warm, then to room temperature so that the black phosphorus is produced. The conversion rate is very high and the quality of the produced product is classified as high quality.

A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.