A method for making a soft carbon includes providing a coke, and subjecting the coke to a carbonization process. The carbonization process includes a preliminary calcination treatment conducted by calcining the coke at a first temperature ranging from 800° C. to 1000° C. to obtain a pre-calcinated coke, followed by a main calcination treatment conducted by calcining the pre-calcinated coke at a second temperature ranging from 1000° C. to 1200° C., and/or a surface-modifying calcination treatment conducted by calcining the pre-calcinated coke in the presence of a carbonaceous material for modifying surfaces thereof at a third temperature ranging from 1000° C. to 1200° C. A soft carbon made by the method is also disclosed.

A method for recycling spent carbon cathode of aluminum electrolysis includes the following steps: (1) crushing and sieving spent carbon cathode, to obtain carbon particles; (2) mixing the carbon particles with a sulfuric acid solution, to obtain a slurry A, and then performing pressure leaching, to obtain a slurry B; (3) evaporating and concentrating the slurry B until a mass percentage of water is lower than 8%, to obtain a slurry C; (4) adding concentrated sulfuric acid to the slurry C to obtain a slurry D, then roasting the slurry D at 150-300° C. for 0.5-10 h, and then roasting at 300-600° C. for 0.5-8 h, to obtain the roasted carbon; and calcining the roasted carbon at a high temperature, to obtain the purified carbon, or mixing the roasted carbon with a leaching agent, and performing leaching, filtering, and washing, to obtain the purified carbon.

Methods for producing layered nanocarbon structures placing a workpiece in a working chamber, applying a vacuum to the chamber, processing the workpiece surface with gas ions, applying a material sublayer to the workpiece surface, depositing carbon ions from a carbon plasma on the workpiece surface to apply an amorphous diamond-like sp3 carbon coating layer on the workpiece surface. The methods include irradiating the growing carbon coating with accelerated ions of an inert gas at a first energy range to apply a graphite sp2 carbon coating layer on the sp3 carbon coating layer and irradiating the growing carbon coating with accelerated ions of the inert gas at a second energy range, different from the first energy range, to apply a linear chain and polymer sp1 carbon coating layer on the sp2 carbon coating layer.

In a method of preparing an immobilized selenium system or body, a selenium — carbon — oxygen mixture is formed. The mixture is then heated to a temperature above the melting temperature of selenium and the heated mixture is then cooled to ambient or room temperature, thereby forming the immobilized selenium system or body.

A composite active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a matrix having a plurality of voids and a Si-based material accommodated in the voids. The matrix includes amorphous carbon. The Si-based material is Si or a Si alloy.

The present invention is directed to production of granular carbon, prepared from lignin. The process comprises the steps of providing agglomerated lignin, heating the agglomerated lignin to obtain thermally stabilized lignin and subjecting the thermally stabilized agglomerated lignin to heat treatment to obtain granular carbon.

The present invention is directed to production of granular carbon, prepared from lignin. The process comprises the steps of providing agglomerated lignin, heating the agglomerated lignin to obtain thermally stabilized lignin and subjecting the thermally stabilized agglomerated lignin to heat treatment to obtain granular carbon.

Systems and method for producing graphene on a substrate are described. Certain types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a substrate gas scavenging environment and an annealing environment. Certain other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a graphene producing environment and a cooling environment, which cools the graphene produced on the substrate. Yet other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a localized annealing environment, localized graphene producing environment and a localized cooling environment inside the same enclosure.

Certain type of exemplar methods for producing graphene on a substrate include scavenging a first portion of the substrate and preferably, contemporaneously annealing a second portion of the substrate. Certain other type of exemplar methods for producing graphene include novel annealing techniques and/or implementing temperature profiles and gas flow rate profiles that vary as a function of lateral distance and/or cooling graphene after producing it.

The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the endothermic reaction is introduced into the product-containing gas stream and into the purge stream or into the purge stream, and then, in a regeneration phase, a gas is passed through the two reactor zones in the reverse flow direction and the production zone is heated up; the present invention further relates to a structured reactor comprising three zones, a production zone containing solid particles, a heating zone and a heat recycling zone containing a fixed bed, wherein the solid particles and the fixed bed consist of different materials.

The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the endothermic reaction is introduced into the product-containing gas stream and into the purge stream or into the purge stream, and then, in a regeneration phase, a gas is passed through the two reactor zones in the reverse flow direction and the production zone is heated up; the present invention further relates to a structured reactor comprising three zones, a production zone containing solid particles, a heating zone and a heat recycling zone containing a fixed bed, wherein the solid particles and the fixed bed consist of different materials.