Provided is an internal hybrid electrochemical cell comprising: (A) a pseudocapacitance cathode comprising a cathode active material that contains both graphene sheets and a porphyrin complex, wherein said porphyrin complex is bonded to or supported by primary surfaces of said graphene sheets to form a redox pair for pseudocapacitance; (B) a battery-like anode comprising lithium metal, lithium metal alloy, or a prelithiated anode active material (e.g. prelithiated Si, SiO, Sn, SnO.sub.2, etc.), and (C) a lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the anode and the cathode; wherein the cathode active material has a specific surface area no less than 100 m.sup.2/g which is in direct physical contact with the electrolyte.

Some embodiments relate to a process of manufacturing a material for a lithium battery with enhanced or improved electrochemical characteristics, to the materials that can be obtained by the process of some embodiments, to an electrode incorporating a material of some embodiments, to a battery, in particular a lithium battery, incorporating a material of some embodiments, as well as to the devices incorporating a lithium battery according to some embodiments. Some embodiments can be applied in the manufacture of lithium batteries.

Some embodiments relate to a process of manufacturing a material for a lithium battery with enhanced or improved electrochemical characteristics, to the materials that can be obtained by the process of some embodiments, to an electrode incorporating a material of some embodiments, to a battery, in particular a lithium battery, incorporating a material of some embodiments, as well as to the devices incorporating a lithium battery according to some embodiments. Some embodiments can be applied in the manufacture of lithium batteries.

A coated particle includes a surface of a base material particle which is coated with carbon particles. The carbon particles are produced by a step of disposing an explosive substance which shows a liquid state at normal temperature and normal pressure in a periphery of a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having three or more nitro groups, and a step of detonating the explosive substance.

A coated particle includes a surface of a base material particle which is coated with carbon particles. The carbon particles are produced by a step of disposing an explosive substance which shows a liquid state at normal temperature and normal pressure in a periphery of a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having three or more nitro groups, and a step of detonating the explosive substance.

In a coated particle, a surface of a base material particle is coated with a carbon particle. The carbon particle is produced by disposing an explosive substance with a detonation velocity of 6,300 m/sec or higher in a periphery of a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, and detonating the explosive substance.

In a coated particle, a surface of a base material particle is coated with a carbon particle. The carbon particle is produced by disposing an explosive substance with a detonation velocity of 6,300 m/sec or higher in a periphery of a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, and detonating the explosive substance.

There are disclosed activated carbon for use in an electric double-layer capacitor electrode, the carbon being capable of improving rate characteristics and float characteristics of the electric double-layer capacitor electrode, and a method for manufacturing the activated carbon. The method for manufacturing the activated carbon for use in the electric double-layer capacitor electrode, comprising the steps of: grinding a carbon raw material to adjust an average particle diameter of the carbon raw material into a range of 1 m to 15 m; mixing the carbon raw material whose average particle diameter has been adjusted, with an alkali activator to obtain a mixture; and an activation treatment comprising heating the mixture under an atmosphere of an inert gas and then under an atmosphere of a mixed gas of the inert gas and water vapor.

A chemical vapor deposition method for fluorine-containing carbon materials preparation provided. The claimed method comprises treating of carbons with fluorocarbons or derivatives that passes at a moderate high temperature. The fluorine-containing carbon materials show hydrophobicity, high thermal stability and can be used as catalysts support, lithium battery anodes, and hydrophobic materials or as surface precursor. Surface fluorine characterized by intensive signal in the XPS spectrum, found in a range of 685-687 eV. Obtained fluoro-containing functionalities is stable at a temperature about 1000 C. The authors propose to use Fluocar name for materials synthesized using the claimed method.

Provided is a method for producing tetrafluoromethane through plasma pyrolysis of waste polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), relating to the technical field of waste recycling. The method of the disclosure includes: subjecting the waste PTFE to a plasma pyrolysis reaction to obtain a pyrolysis product, and subjecting the pyrolysis product to quenching and gas-solid separation in sequence to obtain a pyrolysis gas including the tetrafluoromethane, wherein the plasma pyrolysis reaction is performed at a temperature of 1,800 K to 5,000 K. The method provided by the disclosure has advantages such as a high conversion rate, a short reaction time, a large treatment capacity, high reaction safety, easy product purification, and suitable for continuous industrial scale-up, and can realize the recycling of waste PTFE with a low energy consumption and a low cost. In addition, the method of the disclosure avoids the fluorine waste caused by incineration and leads to a high value-added tetrafluoromethane product.