A film includes a film body including graphite, and at least one fragment including graphite and formed on one or more surfaces of the film body. The film has a water contact angle of 50 degrees or greater and a glossiness of 20 or lower.

Carbon particles are disclosed, as well as methods and systems for forming the particles. In one embodiment, the system may include a receiving vessel configured to receive a liquid carbon precursor and at least one orifice at a bottom of the receiving vessel and configured to release droplets of the precursor. A cooling vessel may be positioned below the receiving vessel to receive the droplets and configured to hold a coolant for solidifying the droplets into carbon precursor particles. The method may include introducing a liquid carbon precursor into a tank having a plurality of orifices defined therein such that droplets of the precursor are released from the orifices and solidifying the droplets in a cooling vessel positioned to receive the droplets from the orifices. The method may then include carbonizing the solidified droplets to form carbon particles. The particles may be solid or hollow.

A graphite material for a negative electrode of a lithium-ion secondary battery is provided. A ratio Lc(112)/Lc(006) defined as a ratio of expansion of graphene sheets to sheet displacement ranges from 0.08 to 0.11, both inclusive. A crystallite size Lc(006) calculated from a wide-angle X-ray diffraction line ranges from 30 nm to 40 nm, both inclusive. An average particle size ranges from 3 μm to 20 μm, both inclusive.

Provided is a heat dissipation structure and an illumination device which are capable of dissipating heat readily and efficiently. A heat dissipation structure 1 configured to release heat from a heat source 100 is provided with a plurality of heat reception/dissipation members 10 which have expanded graphite layers containing expanded graphite and which are spaced apart from each other; and a connection member 20 configured to connect the heat reception/dissipation members 10 together. The heat reception/dissipation members 10 each have the expanded graphite layer as the outermost layer and are disposed such that the expanded graphite layers face each other.

A process for the nitrogen doping of a material includes a set of carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state. The process further includes the material not being oxidized beforehand, then placing the material in contact with dinitrogen. Irradiating the material and the dinitrogen placed in contact with a beam of electrons or of light ions whose energy is greater than or equal to 0.1 MeV, to obtain a material wherein some of the carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state is nitrogen-doped.

A process for the nitrogen doping of a material includes a set of carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state. The process further includes the material not being oxidized beforehand, then placing the material in contact with dinitrogen. Irradiating the material and the dinitrogen placed in contact with a beam of electrons or of light ions whose energy is greater than or equal to 0.1 MeV, to obtain a material wherein some of the carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state is nitrogen-doped.

A method for modifying a carbon thermal ionization filament is disclosed. In particular, the method requires a step of reacting a fluorine-containing compound with the carbon thermal ionization filament to provide a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament. Such method can result in a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament that can be employed in a system, such as a thermal ionization mass spectrometer, for ionizing a sample.

A sliding member includes a carbon transfer layer and can superiorly effectively decrease friction and reduce wear. A method produces the sliding member. The sliding member includes a substrate and a carbon transfer layer. The carbon transfer layer is disposed on the surface of the substrate and includes both sp.sup.2 bonded carbon and sp.sup.3 bonded carbon. The carbon transfer layer preferably has a ratio sp.sup.3/(sp.sup.2+sp.sup.3) of the sp.sup.3 bonded carbon to the totality of the sp.sup.2 bonded carbon and the sp.sup.3 bonded carbon of 0.1 or more.

Methods and systems include supplying pulsed microwave radiation through a waveguide, where the microwave radiation propagates in a direction along the waveguide. A pressure within the waveguide is at least 0.1 atmosphere. A supply gas is provided at a first location along a length of the waveguide, a majority of the supply gas flowing in the direction of the microwave radiation propagation. A plasma is generated in the supply gas, and a process gas is added into the waveguide at a second location downstream from the first location. A majority of the process gas flows in the direction of the microwave propagation at a rate greater than 5 slm. An average energy of the plasma is controlled to convert the process gas into separated components, by controlling at least one of a pulsing frequency of the pulsed microwave radiation, and a duty cycle of the pulsed microwave radiation.

An apparatus for processing graphite particles is disclosed. The apparatus may comprise an electromagnetic radiation emitting device including a microwave device coupled to the reaction chamber for the creation of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves. The apparatus may also comprise an inlet attached to the reaction chamber for introducing graphite particles, and an outlet attached to the reaction chamber for allowing processed graphite particles to exit the reaction chamber. The graphite particles in the reaction chamber thermally altered by exposure to the electromagnetic radiation such that the graphite particles are heated