A general procedure applied to a variety of sol-gel precursors and solvent systems for preparing and controlling homogeneous dispersions of very small particles within each other. Fine homogenous dispersions processed at elevated temperatures and controlled atmospheres make a ceramic powder to be consolidated into a component by standard commercial means: sinter, hot press, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), hot/cold extrusion, spark plasma sinter (SPS), etc.

A general procedure applied to a variety of sol-gel precursors and solvent systems for preparing and controlling homogeneous dispersions of very small particles within each other. Fine homogenous dispersions processed at elevated temperatures and controlled atmospheres make a ceramic powder to be consolidated into a component by standard commercial means: sinter, hot press, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), hot/cold extrusion, spark plasma sinter (SPS), etc.

The present invention is directed to methods of transferring urea from an aqueous solution comprising urea to a MXene composition, the method comprising contacting the aqueous solution comprising urea with the MXene composition for a time sufficient to form an intercalated MXene composition comprising urea.

A method of producing a graphene-based material, namely a direct sonication assisted method for producing a graphene-based material, in particular comprising 2D porous graphene includes subjecting a mixture of at least one carbide compound and at least one etching compound to sonication. This method enables the production of large amounts of a graphene-based material in a short time at ambient temperature and pressure and without the need for toxic reactants. The obtained porous graphene-based material has excellent electrical conductivity, due to the direct chemical synthesis, and is free of any template and not attached to any substrate. The 2D porous graphene can be directly used without transfer processes. The invention further relates to the graphene-based material obtained or obtainable by the method and the use of the graphene-based material.

Disclosed herein is a surface treating method using a Taylor reactor wherein a washing, neutralization, heavy metal removal, etc. can be efficiently carried out, while saving a surface treating time and a treatment liquid and enhancing a treatment efficiency by using a Taylor eddy current which in general is formed at a Taylor reactor. The surface treatment method using a Taylor reactor formed of a cylindrical reaction chamber and a cylindrical rotation body which is configured to rotate in the reaction chamber may include (1) a supply step wherein a surface treatment thing and a surface treatment liquid are supplied into the reaction chamber; and (2) a treatment step wherein the surface treatment thing is stayed in the reaction chamber while rotating the cylindrical rotation body, and the stay time of the surface treatment thing is in a range of 1 minute to 6 hours.

The invention provides a method for manufacturing nano carbon micro particles, including the following steps: step one: digesting the Malvaceae plants to produce solutions containing lignin; step two: extracting lignin condensation from the solution containing lignin, and then removing salt from the lignin condensation to form material containing lignin; step three: carbonizing the material containing lignin to form carbides; step four: crushing the carbides; step five: performing high-frequency heat treatment on the crushed carbides to obtain carbon micro particles; further including step six: crushing again the carbon micro particles so that the carbon micro particles are nano-sized and finely pulverized. The high-purity carbon micro particles obtained by the present invention have excellent properties in aspects of conductivity, wear resistance, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., which can be used as an electromagnetic sealing material, a wear-resistant material, a heating element, a heat-resistant material, corrosion resistant materials, the application is extremely wide.

The invention provides a method for manufacturing nano carbon micro particles, including the following steps: step one: digesting the Malvaceae plants to produce solutions containing lignin; step two: extracting lignin condensation from the solution containing lignin, and then removing salt from the lignin condensation to form material containing lignin; step three: carbonizing the material containing lignin to form carbides; step four: crushing the carbides; step five: performing high-frequency heat treatment on the crushed carbides to obtain carbon micro particles; further including step six: crushing again the carbon micro particles so that the carbon micro particles are nano-sized and finely pulverized. The high-purity carbon micro particles obtained by the present invention have excellent properties in aspects of conductivity, wear resistance, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., which can be used as an electromagnetic sealing material, a wear-resistant material, a heating element, a heat-resistant material, corrosion resistant materials, the application is extremely wide.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight silicon particles, the silicon particles having an average particle size between about 10 nm and about 40 μm, wherein the silicon particles have surface coatings comprising silicon carbide or a mixture of carbon and silicon carbide, and greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases, wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight silicon particles, the silicon particles having an average particle size between about 10 nm and about 40 μm, wherein the silicon particles have surface coatings comprising silicon carbide or a mixture of carbon and silicon carbide, and greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases, wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

A composite comprising a MXene and a post-transition metal wherein the post-transition metal is at least partially encapsulated by from 1 to 4 layers of the MXene. Methods of making such a composite are also disclosed.