In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The molten carbonate fuel cells can be integrated with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process in various manners, including providing synthesis gas for use in producing hydrocarbonaceous carbons. Additionally, integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process can facilitate further processing of vent streams or secondary product streams generated during the synthesis process.

Disclosed are systems and methods having inherent carbon capture and conversion capabilities offering maximum flexibility, efficiency, and economics while simultaneously enabling environmentally and sustainably sound practices. A hybrid thermochemical cycle couples staged reforming with hydrogen production and residue chlorination. The residues of the upgrading are chlorinated, metals of interest are removed and bulk material is re-mineralized. Through the residue chlorination process, various metals including rare earths are concentrated and extracted. Energy is retained through chemical synthesis such as hydrocarbon and metal and non-metal chloride production. Produced chemicals are later exploited by redox reactions in the operation of an integrated gasification flow battery.

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO.sub.2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). At least a portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as part of anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO.sub.2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells can be operated.

A method for the generation of a gas mixture including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen for use in hydroformylation plants, including: evaporating water to steam; feeding the steam to a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) while supplying an electrical current to the SOEC to effect a partial conversion of steam to hydrogen; utilizing the effluent SOEC gas including H.sub.2 together with CO.sub.2 from an external source as feed for a RWGS reactor in which the RWGS reaction takes place, converting some of the CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to CO and H.sub.2O; removing some of or all the remaining steam from the raw product gas stream by cooling the raw product gas stream allowing for condensation of at least part of the steam as liquid water and separating the remaining product gas from the liquid; using the gas mixture for liquid phase hydroformylation, while recycling CO.sub.2 to the RWGS reactor.

The present invention provides a blended fuel and methods for producing the blended fuel, wherein a synthetic fuel derived from a alternative resources such as natural gas, associated gas, biomass, or other feedstocks is blended with a traditional, petroleum derived fuel. A blended fuel which includes greater than 5% by volume of the synthetic fuel has an overall improved lifecycle greenhouse gas content of about 2.5% or more compared to the petroleum derived fuel. Also, blending of the low carbon fuel to the traditional, petroleum fuel improves various performance characteristics of the traditional fuel by at least 5%.

A method for the generation of a gas mixture including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and optionally hydrogen for use in hydroformylation plants or in carbonylation plants, including mixing an optional steam with carbon dioxide in the desired molar ratio, feeding the resulting gas to a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) or an SOEC stack at a sufficient temperature for the cell or cell stack to operate while effecting a partial conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and optionally of steam to hydrogen, removing some or all the remaining steam from the raw product gas stream by cooling the raw product gas stream and separating the remaining product gas from a liquid, and using the gas mixture containing CO and CO.sub.2 for liquid phase synthesis reactions utilizing carbon monoxide as one of the reactants while recycling CO.sub.2 to the SOEC or SOEC stack.

The present invention provides a blended fuel and methods for producing the blended fuel, wherein a synthetic fuel derived from a alternative resources such as natural gas, associated gas, biomass, or other feedstocks is blended with a traditional, petroleum derived fuel. A blended fuel which includes greater than 5% by volume of the synthetic fuel has an overall improved lifecycle greenhouse gas content of about 2.5% or more compared to the petroleum derived fuel. Also, blending of the low carbon fuel to the traditional, petroleum fuel improves various performance characteristics of the traditional fuel by at least 5%.

A reactor, system, and method of converting methane non-oxidatively. A thermal catalytic reactor has a non-oxidative methane coupling (NMC) catalyst disposed on a first surface of a substrate. The NMC catalyst endothermically converts methane in a reaction zone on the catalyst side of the reactor to a product mixture. The reaction zone is heated by thermal conduction. The spatial temperature profile has a sharp increase and decrease that leads to selective control of the surface methane activation and gas phase reaction propagation. The reactor also has an inlet for introducing methane gas for contacting the NMC catalyst and an outlet for removing the product mixture. The heat source may generate the process heat chemically or electrically. Temperature profiles are controlled by zoning the combustion catalyst location or conductive heating element in the reactor.

A method for manufacturing nano metal oxides and hydrogen includes the following steps: Step A, providing a first reactor, and placing a metal material, an alcohol compound, and a first catalyst in the first reactor and applying heating thereto for reacting to generate a metal alkoxide compound, while simultaneously generating a substantial amount of hydrogen; and Step B, providing a second reactor, and, after the metal material in the first reactor has fully reacted in Step A, transferring remaining solution in the first reactor into the second reactor, and adding a second catalyst and a controlled amount of water, and applying appropriate heating to generate nano metal oxide in powder form. As such, effects of significant reduction of production cost, enhancement of safety, widespread application of hydrogen fuel cells, extremely low carbon emissions, being defined as green hydrogen, and reduction of storage costs and risks can be achieved.