A method of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from a carbonaceous material entails combusting a conditioned syngas in pulse combustion heat exchangers of a steam reformer to help convert carbonaceous material into first reactor product gas which includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. A portion of the first reactor product gas is transferred to a hydrogen reformer into which additional conditioned syngas is added and a reaction carried out to produce an improved syngas. The improved syngas is then subject to one or more gas clean-up steps to form a new conditioned syngas. A portion of the new conditioned syngas is recycled to be used as the conditioned syngas in the pulse combustion heat exchangers and in the hydrocarbon reformer. A system for carrying out the method include, a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, first and second gas-cleanup systems, a synthesis system and an upgrading system.

Methods comprising: evaporating a catalyst source to produce a catalyst gas; condensing the catalyst gas to produce a catalyst vapor comprising catalyst droplets suspended in a gas phase; and contacting the catalyst vapor with a hydrocarbon gas to catalyze a decomposition reaction of the hydrocarbon gas into hydrogen gas and carbon. And, systems comprising: a catalyst source evaporator that provides a first stream to a reactor; a hydrocarbon source that provides a second stream to the reactor; a cooling column coupled to the reactor via a third stream comprising hydrogen, catalyst liquid, solid carbon, optionally catalyst gas, and optionally unreacted hydrocarbon gas such that the cooling column receives the third stream from the reactor; and wherein the cooling column has effluent streams that include (a) a fourth stream that comprises hydrogen and optionally catalyst gas and (b) a fifth stream that comprises catalyst liquid.

Methods comprising: evaporating a catalyst source to produce a catalyst gas; condensing the catalyst gas to produce a catalyst vapor comprising catalyst droplets suspended in a gas phase; and contacting the catalyst vapor with a hydrocarbon gas to catalyze a decomposition reaction of the hydrocarbon gas into hydrogen gas and carbon. And, systems comprising: a catalyst source evaporator that provides a first stream to a reactor; a hydrocarbon source that provides a second stream to the reactor; a cooling column coupled to the reactor via a third stream comprising hydrogen, catalyst liquid, solid carbon, optionally catalyst gas, and optionally unreacted hydrocarbon gas such that the cooling column receives the third stream from the reactor; and wherein the cooling column has effluent streams that include (a) a fourth stream that comprises hydrogen and optionally catalyst gas and (b) a fifth stream that comprises catalyst liquid.

The invention relates to a device for producing a dihydrogen gas including an enclosure, means for conveying the product into the enclosure, which comprise a screw mounted so as to rotate in the enclosure about a geometric axis of rotation, means for heating the screw by the Joule effect, and a unit for removing impurities present in the gas. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing dihydrogen using such a device as well as to a use of the device for the treatment of a product such as CSR material or polymer material.

An interconnected set of two or more stages of reactors to form a bio-reforming reactor that generates syngas for a number of different liquid fuel or chemical processes is discussed. A first stage includes a circulating fluidized bed reactor that is configured to cause a chemical devolatilization of the biomass into its reaction products of constituent gases, tars, chars, and other components, which exit through a reactor output from the first stage. A second stage of the bio-reforming reactor has an input configured to receive a stream of some of the reaction products that includes the constituent gases and at least some of the tars as raw syngas, and then chemically reacts the raw syngas within a vessel of the second stage to make the raw syngas from the first stage into a chemical grade syngas by further cracking the tars, excess methane, or both.

The invention relates to an installation (1) and a method allowing the near total recovery and space-saving storage of carbon in the form of liquid carbon dioxide (19), from a substance (9) of the group consisting of hydrocarbons/ethers/alcohols, without the use of gas compression. To achieve this, a superheated gas (12) at a pressure of over 5.18 bar is generated from the substance (9) of the group consisting of hydrocarbons/ethers/alcohols and water (10), and this gas is delivered, by means of steam reforming and hydrogen liberation, into a retentate mass flow (15) containing carbon dioxide. Liquid carbon dioxide (19) is obtained therefrom by means of condensation, and is stored in a storage tank (7) while the liberated hydrogen is oxidised to provide mechanical and/or electrical as well as thermal energy. The use of membranes with low hydrogen/carbon dioxide permeation selectivity is permitted by forming a permeate mass flow circuit that is closed in respect of carbon dioxide. Operation at low pressures is permitted by the condensation and storage at temperatures below the ambient temperature, for which purpose cold (17) is generated from said thermal energy in a sorption method.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

The invention relates to a process for producing a converted synthesis gas from a crude synthesis gas comprising the essential synthesis gas constituents of hydrogen (H.sub.2) and carbon monoxide (CO), wherein the crude synthesis gas is initially generated in a synthesis gas generation stage and subsequently converted in a multi-stage CO conversion and thus elevated in terms of its hydrogen content. The crude synthesis gas has steam added to it as a reaction partner for the CO conversion and cooling of the converted synthesis gas affords an aqueous condensate.

A dihydrogen production and delivery unit for a dihydrogen consumer, may include at least one gaseous hydrocarbon supply device, at least one microwave plasma plasmalysis reactor configured to generate, at a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure +/15%, plasmalysis of the gaseous hydrocarbon supplied by the supply device and which produces, by carbon-free production, at least dihydrogen and solid carbon, the production and delivery unit comprising at least one storage device for the produced dihydrogen and at least one device for delivering to the consumer the dihydrogen stored in the storage device.

Provided is a novel production system that does not involve, or can minimize, the transport of liquid ammonia in the production of an organic compound or the production of a microorganism by microbial fermentation. A production system for an organic compound or a microorganism includes: an ammonia synthesis apparatus in which an ammonia-containing gas is synthesized by reaction of a source gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the presence of a supported ruthenium catalyst; and a culture apparatus that cultures a microorganism having organic compound productivity using ammonia originating from the ammonia-containing gas obtained by using the ammonia synthesis apparatus.