A hydrogen purifier (100) includes: a shift conversion catalyst (5a) which reduces, through a shift reaction, carbon monoxide contained in a hydrogen-containing gas; and a methanation catalyst (6a) which reduces, through a methanation reaction, carbon monoxide contained in the hydrogen-containing gas that has passed through the shift conversion catalyst (5a). The shift conversion catalyst (5a) and the methanation catalyst (6a) are heat exchangeable with each other via a first partition wall (8), and a flow direction of the hydrogen-containing gas that passes through the shift conversion catalyst (5a) is opposite to a flow direction of the hydrogen-containing gas that passes through the methanation catalyst (6a).

Nitrogen in a form suitable for feeding a population of microbes in a bioreactor is produced by reacting nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to form ammonia plus an unreacted gas stream under conditions favorable to having little unreacted nitrogen gas in the unreacted gas stream. The ammonia, or a compound derived from the ammonia is fed to the microbes and the unreacted gas stream is optionally fed back into the reaction, or fed into the bioreactor. Oxygen can be produced, such as by electrolysis, and also provided to the microbes. Hydrogen from the electrolysis can be added to the hydrogen being reacted with nitrogen gas, and/or can be added to the bioreactor. Where nitrogen gas is produced from air separation, the residual gases can be another source of oxygen.

Nitrogen in a form suitable for feeding a population of microbes in a bioreactor is produced by reacting nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to form ammonia plus an unreacted gas stream under conditions favorable to having little unreacted nitrogen gas in the unreacted gas stream. The ammonia, or a compound derived from the ammonia is fed to the microbes and the unreacted gas stream is optionally fed back into the reaction, or fed into the bioreactor. Oxygen can be produced, such as by electrolysis, and also provided to the microbes. Hydrogen from the electrolysis can be added to the hydrogen being reacted with nitrogen gas, and/or can be added to the bioreactor. Where nitrogen gas is produced from air separation, the residual gases can be another source of oxygen.

To allow hydrogen to be supplied to a dehydrogenation reaction unit for dehydrogenating an organic hydride by using a highly simple structure so that the activity of the dehydrogenation catalyst of the dehydrogenation reaction unit is prevented from being rapidly reduced. The hydrogen production system (1) comprises a first dehydrogenation reaction unit (3) for producing hydrogen by a dehydrogenation reaction of an organic hydride in presence of a first catalyst, and a second dehydrogenation reaction unit (4) for receiving a product of the first dehydrogenation reaction unit, and producing hydrogen by a dehydrogenation reaction of the organic hydride remaining in the product in presence of a second catalyst, wherein an amount of the first catalyst used in the first dehydrogenation reaction unit is equal to or less than an amount of the second catalyst used in the second dehydrogenation reaction unit, and an amount of hydrogen produced in the first dehydrogenation reaction unit is less than an amount of hydrogen produced in the second dehydrogenation reaction unit.

Disclosed are methods for accommodating changes in the conditions of partial oxidation of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock by changing characteristics of the hot oxygen used in the partial oxidation.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia (NH.sub.3). A heater may heat reformers and NH.sub.3 reforming catalysts therein. NH.sub.3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH.sub.3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) and nitrogen (N.sub.2). At least part of the reformate stream may be used to heat the reformers.

A Low Temperature Methane Steam Reforming LTMSR catalyst is based on a non-noble metal, an alkaline earth metal and a rare earth metal combination on a support to produce stable and low temperature methane steam reforming catalysts. The catalyst is suitable for steam reforming mixtures of light hydrocarbons, such as those found in natural gas and bio-gas sources. The output may be configured to provide methane and carbon dioxide in a ratio of around 1:1 by number which is suitable for further processing into end products. The process and catalyst may help show an improved long-term performance by suppressing the fast formation of coke that is well-known to deteriorate the activity of other conventional reforming catalysts. This performance is obtained by controlling the composition and crystalline sizes of the active catalyst components on the selected support and by controlling the reaction conditions.

Disclosed is methodology for controlling the H2:CO ratio of the product produced in a partial oxidation reactor, by adjusting the properties of the product formed in the partial oxidation.

A methane cracking apparatus includes a supply pipeline that supplies a gas, a reactor having an interior space, and in which a catalyst for decomposing the gas may be disposed in the interior space, an agitator provided in the interior space and that agitates a material in the interior space, a first discharge pipeline connected to the reactor and that discharges decomposition materials generated as the gas may be decomposed, and a second discharge pipeline connected to the reactor, that discharges the decomposition materials, and disposed on an upper side of the first discharge pipeline.

A fuel cell system and method for using a peak shaving gas, the system including: a fuel inlet configured to receive fuel from a fuel source; a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) reactor configured to at least partially oxidize the fuel during startup of the system; a blower configured to provide air to the CPOx reactor; a gas analyzer configured to determine a composition of fuel provided to the CPOx reactor from the fuel inlet; an oxidation catalyst configured to reduce an O.sub.2 content of fuel received from the CPOx reactor; a reforming catalyst configured to partially reform fuel received from the oxidation catalyst; and a stack of fuel cells configured to generate electricity using fuel received from the reforming catalyst.