Included are an ammonia synthesis column that synthesizes ammonia from a raw material gas, a discharge line that discharges a synthetic gas, a water-cooled cooler that cools the synthetic gas with a coolant, disposed in the discharge line, an ammonia separator into which a synthetic gas after cooling is introduced and which separates the ammonia gas and a liquid ammonia from each other, a raw material return line that returns a raw material gas containing the separated ammonia gas to the ammonia synthesis column side as a return raw material gas, and a compressor that compresses the return raw material gas, disposed in the raw material return line. An ammonia concentration in the return raw material gas is 5 mol % or more, and an ammonia synthesis catalyst that synthesizes the ammonia gas in the ammonia synthesis column is a ruthenium catalyst.

A system and method of generating ammonia can include an acid and an ammonia precursor.

A method of generating oxygen and at least one of hydrogen or ammonia includes receiving ambient air containing moisture, collecting liquid water from the ambient air, receiving, by a water electrolyzer, the collected liquid water and electricity from an electrical source, and performing an electrolysis process by the water electrolyzer to thereby generate the oxygen and the at least one of hydrogen or ammonia from the received liquid water and electricity.

An odorant for fuel gases for anion membrane fuel cells, which imparts a fuel gas with an odor, includes at least one or more substances selected from the group consisting of ammonia, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-diethylmethylamine, N,N-dipropylmethylamine, N,N-dipropylethylamine, N,N-diisopropylmethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, ethylmethylamine, propylmethylamine, propylethylamine, methylamine, ethylamine and propylamine.

An odorant for fuel gases for anion membrane fuel cells, which imparts a fuel gas with an odor, includes at least one or more substances selected from the group consisting of ammonia, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-diethylmethylamine, N,N-dipropylmethylamine, N,N-dipropylethylamine, N,N-diisopropylmethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, ethylmethylamine, propylmethylamine, propylethylamine, methylamine, ethylamine and propylamine.

This invention relates to molecular catalysts and chemical reactions utilizing the same, and particularly to catalysts and catalytic methods for reduction of molecular nitrogen. The molecular catalytic platform provided herein is capable of the facile reduction of molecular nitrogen under useful conditions such as room temperature or less and atmospheric pressure or less.

Disclosed is a method for preparing ammonia gas through a reaction between an ammonium salt and a silicate. An aqueous solution of the ammonium salt in the form of atomized droplets is contacted with a silicate at a high temperature for a reaction to generate ammonia gas and a solid substance. The silicate can be solid particles, and forms a bed. The generated ammonia gas is collected, the solid substance is extracted, part of the same solid substance is mixed with a fresh silicate solid particle, and the mixture continuously reacts with the atomized droplets of the aqueous solution of the ammonium salt.

The invention is directed to kits, compositions, tools and methods comprising a cyclic industrial process to form biocement. In particular, the invention is directed to materials and methods for decomposing calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature, reacting calcium oxide with ammonium chloride to form calcium chloride, water, and ammonia gas; and reacting ammonia gas and carbon dioxide at high pressure to form urea and water, which are then utilized to form biocement. This cyclic process can be achieved by combining industrial processes with the resulting product as biocement. The process may involve retention of calcium carbonate currently utilized in the manufacture of Portland Cement.

An ammonia manufacturing apparatus includes: an electrochemical reaction unit including a first electrolytic bath for accommodating a first electrolytic solution, an oxidation electrode disposed in the first electrolytic bath, a second electrolytic bath for accommodating a second electrolytic solution containing nitrogen, an ammonia producing catalyst, and a reducing agent, a reduction electrode disposed in the second electrolytic bath, and a diaphragm, and configured to reduce nitrogen by the ammonia producing catalyst and the reducing agent in the second electrolytic bath to produce ammonia, and reduce the reducing agent oxidized due to the production of ammonia, at the reduction electrode by connecting the oxidation electrode and the reduction electrode to a power supply; a nitrogen supply unit including a nitrogen supply part for dissolving nitrogen in the second electrolytic solution; and an ammonia separation unit including a separation part configured to separate ammonia from the second electrolytic solution.

A cleaning method of a semiconductor structure is provided. The method includes providing a substrate, where the substrate includes a functional surface and a back surface that is opposite to the functional surface. The method also includes forming a fluid passivation film on the functional surface of the substrate. In addition, the method includes after forming the fluid passivation film, performing a first charge removal treatment on the functional surface of the substrate through a wet cleaning process. Further, the method includes after performing the first charge removal treatment, performing a main cleaning treatment on the functional surface and the back surface of the substrate.