A method of producing ammonium persulfate by electrolyzing ammonium sulfate is characterized in that an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution is supplied as an anode-side feedstock, a solution containing less than 1.0 mol of acid-derived acid dissociable hydrogen ions per 1.0 mol of amount of charge transfer is supplied as a cathode-side feedstock, and electrolysis is performed to produce ammonium persulfate on the anode side and at least ammonia on the cathode side. Since ammonium sulfate not dependent upon the ammonium sulfate produced within the system can be used as a main feedstock, the method is industrially advantageous and, further, because of an electrolytic method, the method enables the coproduction not only of ammonium persulfate but also of valuable materials such as ammonia and hydrogen and, furthermore, enables the production of ammonium persulfate at a high current efficiency.

A process for producing one or more products from a lignocellulosic feedstock comprising treating the lignocellulosic feedstock to produce sugar in one or more stages comprising addition of acid, base or a combination thereof and introduction of heat. The addition of the acid, base, or a combination thereof produces a salt. The sugar is fermented to produce a fermentation product and the fermentation product is recovered. A stream comprising the salt is treated by wet oxidation with the introduction of heat. A stream comprising salt resulting from the wet oxidation is provided for use as a salt product or a process chemical for introduction within the process. Heat from the wet oxidation may be supplied to any stage of the process in which heat is introduced.

A process for producing one or more products from a lignocellulosic feedstock comprising treating the lignocellulosic feedstock to produce sugar in one or more stages comprising addition of acid, base or a combination thereof and introduction of heat. The addition of the acid, base, or a combination thereof produces a salt. The sugar is fermented to produce a fermentation product and the fermentation product is recovered. A stream comprising the salt is treated by wet oxidation with the introduction of heat. A stream comprising salt resulting from the wet oxidation is provided for use as a salt product or a process chemical for introduction within the process. Heat from the wet oxidation may be supplied to any stage of the process in which heat is introduced.

Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

The disclosure relates generally to methods and systems for manufacturing ammonia, ammonium sulfate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or combinations thereof, and particularly to clean and efficient methods and system configurations for manufacturing ammonia, ammonium sulfate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or combinations thereof using coal, petcoke, asphaltenes and/or hydrocarbon waste products.

The disclosure relates generally to methods and systems for manufacturing ammonia, ammonium sulfate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or combinations thereof, and particularly to clean and efficient methods and system configurations for manufacturing ammonia, ammonium sulfate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or combinations thereof using coal, petcoke, asphaltenes and/or hydrocarbon waste products.

A continuous process for producing crystalline ammonium sulfate, said process comprising a start-up operation followed by a steady-state operation, wherein the start-up operation comprises: i) in a crystallizer, evaporating solvent from an approximately saturated ammonium sulfate solution; ii) replacing evaporated solvent with further approximately proximately saturated ammonium sulfate solution; iii) introducing to the crystallizer seed crystals of ammonium sulfate; iv) continuing to evaporate solvent, until a desired degree of supersaturation is reached; and v) recovering crystalline ammonium sulfate from ammonium sulfate solution in a recovery unit, and the steady-state operation comprises: vi) continuously feeding approximately saturated ammonium sulfate solution into the crystallizer and continuously withdrawing ammonium sulfate crystals from the crystallizer, such that the total combined volume of ammonium sulfate solution and ammonium sulfate crystals within the crystallizer remains constant; and vii) recovering crystalline ammonium sulfate from ammonium sulfate solution in a recovery unit, characterized in that the degree of supersaturation in the crystallizer during the start-up operation is maintained between 1.2% and the point at which primary nucleation occurs; and apparatus suitable for carrying out the process.