A method for producing potassium chloride granular materials from a crystalline potassium chloride raw material, wherein, before the granulation process, the potassium chloride raw material is treated with at least one alkali metal carbonate and at least one hydrogen phosphate additive in the presence of water. The alkali metal carbonate is anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate or sodium carbonate decahydrate.

Salt components of dross can be extracted efficiently through evaporation. During dross treatment, temperatures can be permitted to approach or exceed the boiling point of one or more salt components of the dross, preferably in an oxidizing environment. The temperature can be held sufficiently high such that the salt content can exert an appreciable vapor pressure and can be held for a sufficient time to permit most, all, or substantially all of the salt content to evaporate and be carried away from the kiln in combustion gasses. The evaporated salt can be condensed and collected.

Salt components of dross can be extracted efficiently through evaporation. During dross treatment, temperatures can be permitted to approach or exceed the boiling point of one or more salt components of the dross, preferably in an oxidizing environment. The temperature can be held sufficiently high such that the salt content can exert an appreciable vapor pressure and can be held for a sufficient time to permit most, all, or substantially all of the salt content to evaporate and be carried away from the kiln in combustion gasses. The evaporated salt can be condensed and collected.

Some embodiments include a method comprising: flowing a molten salt out of a molten salt reactor at a first temperature, heating the molten salt reactor to a second temperature above the melding point of the second salt mixture causing the second salt mixture to melt; flowing the second salt mixture out of the molten salt reactor; flowing a third salt mixture into the molten salt reactor; and cooling the molten salt reactor from the second temperature to a third temperature causing the third salt mixture to solidify on the interior surface of the housing. In some embodiments, the molten salt may include a first salt mixture comprising at least uranium. In some embodiments, the first temperature is a temperature above the melting point of the first salt mixture.

Some embodiments include a method comprising: flowing a molten salt out of a molten salt reactor at a first temperature, heating the molten salt reactor to a second temperature above the melding point of the second salt mixture causing the second salt mixture to melt; flowing the second salt mixture out of the molten salt reactor; flowing a third salt mixture into the molten salt reactor; and cooling the molten salt reactor from the second temperature to a third temperature causing the third salt mixture to solidify on the interior surface of the housing. In some embodiments, the molten salt may include a first salt mixture comprising at least uranium. In some embodiments, the first temperature is a temperature above the melting point of the first salt mixture.

Particles formed from an alkai metal or alkaline earth metal and halide, for example, sodium and chloride, are provided. The particles can have a hydrophilic coating or external layer, formed of, for example, a polyether-lipid conjugate. In preferred embodiments, the lipid is a phospholipid such as a phosphoethanolamine, and the polyether is a polyethylene glycol such as a PEG amine. Methods making the particles by, for example, a microemulsion reaction, are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions including a plurality of particles and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also disclosed. Typically the compositions include an effective amount of particles to treat a disease or condition, particularly cancer, in a subject in need thereof. The particles are typically nanoparticles, for example, between about 10 nm and 250 nm and can be monodisperse.

A desalination battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an intercalation compound contained in the first electrode, a container configured to contain a saline water solution, and a power source. The intercalation compound includes at least one of a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a metal oxychloride, a metalloid oxychloride, and a hydrate thereof with each having a ternary or higher order. The first and second electrodes are configured to be arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution. The power source is configured to supply electric current to the first and second electrodes in different operating states to induce a reversible intercalation reaction within the intercalation compound. The intercalation compound reversibly stores and releases target anions from the saline water solution to generate a fresh water solution in one operating state and a wastewater solution in another operating state.

A desalination battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an intercalation compound contained in the first electrode, a container configured to contain a saline water solution, and a power source. The intercalation compound includes at least one of a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a metal oxychloride, a metalloid oxychloride, and a hydrate thereof with each having a ternary or higher order. The first and second electrodes are configured to be arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution. The power source is configured to supply electric current to the first and second electrodes in different operating states to induce a reversible intercalation reaction within the intercalation compound. The intercalation compound reversibly stores and releases target anions from the saline water solution to generate a fresh water solution in one operating state and a wastewater solution in another operating state.

The present disclosure relates to a cathode active material for a secondary battery, a cathode for a secondary battery including the same, a secondary battery including the cathode for a secondary battery and manufacturing methods thereof. More particularly, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery having excellent electrochemical characteristics by electrochemically inducing a structural phase change in the cathode active material of a secondary battery including NaCl as a cathode active material.

The present disclosure relates to a cathode active material for a secondary battery, a cathode for a secondary battery including the same, a secondary battery including the cathode for a secondary battery and manufacturing methods thereof. More particularly, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery having excellent electrochemical characteristics by electrochemically inducing a structural phase change in the cathode active material of a secondary battery including NaCl as a cathode active material.