An oxide ion conductor has a X.sub.3Z.sub.2(TO.sub.4).sub.3 structure, where X is a divalent metal element, Z is a trivalent metal element, and T is a tetravalent metal element, and has a composition expressed by (X.sub.1-xA.sub.x).sub.3(Z.sub.1-yB.sub.y).sub.2(T.sub.1-zC.sub.z).sub.3O.sub.12+δ where the element X is Ca, Fe, Gd, Ba, Sr, Mn, and/or Mg, the element Z is Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, V, Ga, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, and/or Ir, the element T is Si and/or Ge, an element A is La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and/or Sr, an element B is Zn, Mn, Co, Ru, and/or Rh, and an element C is Si, Al, Ga, and/or Sn, 0≤x≤0.2, 0≤y≤0.2, and 0≤z≤0.2 are satisfied, and δ is a value securing electrical neutrality.

Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.

A hydrated lime product which can be provided to an end user in dry form and which can be formed into a slurry which will comprise lime hydrate with sufficiently increased reactivity over that of traditional hydrated lime slurries to be competitive in reaction time with on-site produced slaked lime slurries.

A hydrated lime product which can be provided to an end user in dry form and which can be formed into a slurry which will comprise lime hydrate with sufficiently increased reactivity over that of traditional hydrated lime slurries to be competitive in reaction time with on-site produced slaked lime slurries.

A hydrated lime product which can be provided to an end user in dry form and which can be formed into a slurry which will comprise lime hydrate with sufficiently increased reactivity over that of traditional hydrated lime slurries to be competitive in reaction time with on-site produced slaked lime slurries.

A hydrated lime product which can be provided to an end user in dry form and which can be formed into a slurry which will comprise lime hydrate with sufficiently increased reactivity over that of traditional hydrated lime slurries to be competitive in reaction time with on-site produced slaked lime slurries.

A carbon dioxide adsorbent includes a porous metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1, the porous metal oxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 30 m.sup.2/g, and an average pore size of greater than or equal to about 2 nm.

A carbon dioxide adsorbent includes a porous metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1, the porous metal oxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 30 m.sup.2/g, and an average pore size of greater than or equal to about 2 nm.

The present application pertains to methods for making metal oxides and/or citric acid and/or capturing carbon dioxide. In one embodiment, the application pertains to a process for producing calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, or both from a material comprising calcium and magnesium. The process may include reacting a material comprising calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Separating, concentrating, and calcining may lead to the production of oxides such as calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. In other embodiments the application pertains to methods for producing an alkaline-earth oxide and a carboxylic acid from an alkaline earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt. Such processes may include, for example, reacting an alkaline-earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt with aqueous sulfur dioxide to produce aqueous alkaline-earth sulfite or bisulfite and an aqueous carboxylic acid solution. Other useful steps may include desorbing, separating, and/or calcining.

The present application pertains to methods for making metal oxides and/or citric acid and/or capturing carbon dioxide. In one embodiment, the application pertains to a process for producing calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, or both from a material comprising calcium and magnesium. The process may include reacting a material comprising calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Separating, concentrating, and calcining may lead to the production of oxides such as calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. In other embodiments the application pertains to methods for producing an alkaline-earth oxide and a carboxylic acid from an alkaline earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt. Such processes may include, for example, reacting an alkaline-earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt with aqueous sulfur dioxide to produce aqueous alkaline-earth sulfite or bisulfite and an aqueous carboxylic acid solution. Other useful steps may include desorbing, separating, and/or calcining.