The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

The present invention relates to the recovery of metals from raw ores or concentrates, and more specifically, to the recovery of rare earth elements, or oxides or salts thereof, from ores containing bastnaesite carbonatite, and/or monazite. The ore is processed by a method that may include one or more of the following steps: (i) mechanically processing the ore; (ii) calcination and/or roasting of the ore to form a calcinated material and/or roasting of the ore to form a roasted material; (iii) leaching of the calcinated material or roasted material in an aqueous solution; (iv) solid/liquid separation to remove a solid residue from the aqueous solution to recover a rare earth element solution; and (v) precipitation of the rare earth element solution to isolate a rare earth element, or oxide or salt thereof.

A method of preparing a polishing composition includes forming a dispersion solution containing ceria particles, and irradiating ultraviolet (UV) light onto the dispersion solution.

A method for purifying uranium includes forming primary uranyl peroxide precipitates (UO.sub.2O.sub.2.4H.sub.2O). Forming the primary uranyl peroxide precipitates includes obtaining impure uranium dissolved in an acidic solution, evaporating the acidic solution to increase uranium concentration and to form a concentrated solution, mixing a hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) solution with the concentrated solution in a first container, and forming uranyl peroxide precipitates in the first container. The method includes collecting the uranyl peroxide precipitates and washing and drying the uranyl peroxide precipitates. The method also includes converting the washed and dried uranyl peroxide precipitates into triuranium octoxide (U.sub.3O.sub.8).

A method for purifying uranium includes forming primary uranyl peroxide precipitates (UO.sub.2O.sub.2.4H.sub.2O). Forming the primary uranyl peroxide precipitates includes obtaining impure uranium dissolved in an acidic solution, evaporating the acidic solution to increase uranium concentration and to form a concentrated solution, mixing a hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) solution with the concentrated solution in a first container, and forming uranyl peroxide precipitates in the first container. The method includes collecting the uranyl peroxide precipitates and washing and drying the uranyl peroxide precipitates. The method also includes converting the washed and dried uranyl peroxide precipitates into triuranium octoxide (U.sub.3O.sub.8).

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating rare earth metals in a nanoporous carbon powder.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating rare earth metals in a nanoporous carbon powder.

A method for making yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) nanopowders, includes mixing carbohydrate and organic amine in a container according to a first ratio, stirring the carbohydrate and organic amine in the container under a heating condition for 2 minutes to 120 minutes for melting the carbohydrate and the organic amine to obtain a clear and transparent mixed solution, adding yttrium salt and aluminum salt at a second ratio to the clear and transparent mixed solution, and stirring the yttrium salt, the aluminum salt, and the clear and transparent mixed solution in the container under the heating condition for 5 minutes to120 minutes to form a uniform molten mixture, heating the uniform molten mixture to dehydrate and carbonize the carbohydrate to obtain a dark brown fluffy solid, and performing a heat treatment on the dark brown fluffy solid at 800° C. to 1500° C. to obtain the YAG nanopowders.

A method for making yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) nanopowders, includes mixing carbohydrate and organic amine in a container according to a first ratio, stirring the carbohydrate and organic amine in the container under a heating condition for 2 minutes to 120 minutes for melting the carbohydrate and the organic amine to obtain a clear and transparent mixed solution, adding yttrium salt and aluminum salt at a second ratio to the clear and transparent mixed solution, and stirring the yttrium salt, the aluminum salt, and the clear and transparent mixed solution in the container under the heating condition for 5 minutes to120 minutes to form a uniform molten mixture, heating the uniform molten mixture to dehydrate and carbonize the carbohydrate to obtain a dark brown fluffy solid, and performing a heat treatment on the dark brown fluffy solid at 800° C. to 1500° C. to obtain the YAG nanopowders.

Rare earth compound particles are prepared by a step of heating an aqueous solution containing rare earth metal ions and urea to form a rare earth compound by a reaction of a hydrolysis product of urea, and the rare earth metal ions. In the heating step, heating the aqueous solution into which an acetylene glycol-ethylene oxide adduct is added.