The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

A garnet-structure complex oxide powder having formula (1) is prepared by adding an aqueous solution containing (a) Tb ion, an aqueous solution containing (b) Al ion, and an aqueous solution containing (c) Sc ion to a co-precipitating aqueous solution, to induce a co-precipitate of components (a), (b) and (c), filtering, heat drying and firing the co-precipitate.
(R.sub.1-xSc.sub.x).sub.3(A.sub.1-ySc.sub.y).sub.5O.sub.12  (1)
R is yttrium or a lanthanoid element, typically Tb, A is a Group 13 element, typically Al, x and y are 0<x<0.08 and 0.004<y<0.16.

A garnet-structure complex oxide powder having formula (1) is prepared by adding an aqueous solution containing (a) Tb ion, an aqueous solution containing (b) Al ion, and an aqueous solution containing (c) Sc ion to a co-precipitating aqueous solution, to induce a co-precipitate of components (a), (b) and (c), filtering, heat drying and firing the co-precipitate.
(R.sub.1-xSc.sub.x).sub.3(A.sub.1-ySc.sub.y).sub.5O.sub.12  (1)
R is yttrium or a lanthanoid element, typically Tb, A is a Group 13 element, typically Al, x and y are 0<x<0.08 and 0.004<y<0.16.

A method is provided for separating and/or purifying different metal oxalates by mixing the different metal oxalates in an aqueous solution comprising oxalic acid and an organic base so that at least one metal oxalate is soluble and at least another metal oxalate is not soluble. Different rare earth metal oxalates and/or transition metal oxalates can be separated.

Embodiments of the invention include a wavelength-converting composition as defined by R.sub.3-x-y-zA.sub.x+yM.sub.zSi.sub.6-w1Al.sub.w1O.sub.3x+y+w1N.sub.11-7x/3-y-w1□2-2x/3, with □ being vacancies of the structure that are filled by oxygen atoms with 0<x≤3, −3≤y<3, 0<z<1,0≤w1≤6, 0≤x+y, x+y+z≤3, 11−7/3x−y−w1≤0, and 3x+y+w1≤13. R is selected from the group comprising trivalent La, Gd, Tb, Y, Lu; A is selected from the group comprising bivalent Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, and Eu; and M is selected from the group comprising trivalent Ce, Pr and Sm.

The present disclosure provides a solid electrolyte material having high lithium ion conductivity. A lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte material according to the present disclosure comprises Li, La, O, and X. X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.

The present disclosure provides a solid electrolyte material having high lithium ion conductivity. A solid electrolyte according to the present disclosure contains Li, Sm, O, and X. X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.

The present disclosure relates to a phosphor ceramic comprising a plurality of luminescence conversion materials, wherein a luminescence conversion material serves as a matrix material for the others.

The present disclosure relates to a phosphor ceramic comprising a plurality of luminescence conversion materials, wherein a luminescence conversion material serves as a matrix material for the others.