A preprocessing method comprises a sintering step of heating a solid material container filled with a solid material using a temperature which is lower than either the melting point or sublimation of the solid material, whichever is lower, and crystallizing at least part of the solid material, and an impurity removal step of heating the solid material container filled with the solid material using a temperature which is lower than either the melting point or sublimation of the solid material, whichever is lower, and removing at least part of the impurities included in the solid material.

Provided are a method for treating sulfur hexafluoride and an apparatus for collecting and treating by-products. The method for treating sulfur hexafluoride, and the apparatus for collecting and treating by-products according to the present invention are a significantly effective method and apparatus capable of safely treating sulfur hexafluoride at low cost.

Provided are a method for treating sulfur hexafluoride and an apparatus for collecting and treating by-products. The method for treating sulfur hexafluoride, and the apparatus for collecting and treating by-products according to the present invention are a significantly effective method and apparatus capable of safely treating sulfur hexafluoride at low cost.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of growing organometallic halide structures such as single crystal organometallic halide perovskites, methods of use, devices incorporating organometallic halide structures, and the like.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of growing organometallic halide structures such as single crystal organometallic halide perovskites, methods of use, devices incorporating organometallic halide structures, and the like.

A preprocessing method comprises a sintering step of heating a solid material container filled with a solid material using a temperature which is lower than either the melting point or sublimation of the solid material, whichever is lower, and crystallizing at least part of the solid material, and an impurity removal step of heating the solid material container filled with the solid material using a temperature which is lower than either the melting point or sublimation of the solid material, whichever is lower, and removing at least part of the impurities included in the solid material.

A treatment method for a metal oxyfluoride according to the present invention includes bringing a metal oxyfluoride of the general formula: MO.sub.(6-x)/2F.sub.x (where 0<x<6; and M=W or Mo) into contact with a fluorine-containing gas at a reaction temperature higher than or equal to 0° C. and lower than 400° C., thereby converting the metal oxyfluoride to a metal hexafluoride of the general formula: MF.sub.6 (where M=W or Mo). This treatment method enables conversion of the metal oxyfluoride to the high vapor pressure compound without the use of a plasma generator and can be applied to cleaning of a metal fluoride production apparatus or cleaning of a film forming apparatus.

A method of pretreatment and bromine recovery of PCB Incineration ash is disclosed that relates to the field of comprehensive recovery of valuable metals by full wet method, especially relates to a method of valuable metals and bromine recovery, precious metals enrichment in pretreatment process of PCB Incineration ash. The major steps includes alkali leaching, Cu extraction back-extraction, neutralization-precipitation to separate, Bromine evaporative crystallization, regeneration, acid pickling, Zn evaporative crystallization, removal of Zn and Cu. Compared with the traditional comprehensive recovery process of ash, the invention can separate bromine from ash and recover valuable metals such as copper, zinc and lead with the maximum extent, at the same time, the enrichment of silver and other precious metals is beneficial to the subsequent recovery of precious metals. It has high added recovery value and no tailless discharge.

Provided are a method for manufacturing a perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted, a light-emitter manufactured thereby, and a light emitting device using the same. A method for manufacturing an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted may comprise the steps of: preparing a solution including an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter, wherein the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter comprises an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure and a plurality of first organic ligands surrounding the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure; and adding, to the solution, a second organic ligand which is shorter than the first organic ligands or includes a phenyl group or a fluorine group, thereby substitutes the first organic ligands with the second organic ligand. Thus, since energy transfer or charge injection into the nanocrystal structure increases through ligand substitution, it is possible to further increase light emitting efficiency and increase durability and stability by means of a hydrophobic ligand.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of growing organometallic halide structures such as single crystal organometallic halide perovskites, methods of use, devices incorporating organometallic halide structures, and the like.