A method of improving rheological properties of a divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid at an elevated temperature comprises adding to the divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid a rheological modifier, which comprises a carboxylic acid ester, or a phosphate ester blended with an ethoxylated glycol, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing in an amount effective to improve the rheological properties of the divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid at a temperature of greater than about 200 F. The divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid comprises calcium bromide, calcium chloride, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

Provided is a method for producing a highly pure aqueous solution of zinc halide from a mixture containing a zinc halide. The method for producing an aqueous solution of zinc halide includes an addition step of adding water and a hydrogen halide to a mixture containing an alcohol having a carbon number of 3 or less, a zinc halide, and zinc to give a liquid mixture, and a distillation step of distilling the liquid mixture to remove the alcohol having a carbon number of 3 or less from the liquid mixture, giving an aqueous solution of zinc halide.

Provided is a method for producing a highly pure aqueous solution of zinc halide from a mixture containing a zinc halide. The method for producing an aqueous solution of zinc halide includes an addition step of adding water and a hydrogen halide to a mixture containing an alcohol having a carbon number of 3 or less, a zinc halide, and zinc to give a liquid mixture, and a distillation step of distilling the liquid mixture to remove the alcohol having a carbon number of 3 or less from the liquid mixture, giving an aqueous solution of zinc halide.

Provided are: zinc chloride hydroxide that is useful as a pharmaceutical ingredient, has excellent zinc ion sustained-releasbility when used as a pharmaceutical agent, and exhibits excellent stability as a pharmaceutical ingredient; and a production method therefor. Disclosed is zinc chloride hydroxide that can be used as a pharmaceutical ingredient, that has excellent zinc ion sustained-releasability, that includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of zinc chloride, zinc hydroxide, and zinc oxide.

Provided are: zinc chloride hydroxide that is useful as a pharmaceutical ingredient, has excellent zinc ion sustained-releasbility when used as a pharmaceutical agent, and exhibits excellent stability as a pharmaceutical ingredient; and a production method therefor. Disclosed is zinc chloride hydroxide that can be used as a pharmaceutical ingredient, that has excellent zinc ion sustained-releasability, that includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of zinc chloride, zinc hydroxide, and zinc oxide.

The present application relates to a process for the purification of waste materials or industrial by-products, the process comprising the steps of: a) Preparing a composition (C) by blending or mixing waste materials or industrial by-products comprising chlorine (B) with one or more materials comprising heavy metals (HM) b) Reacting (B) and (HM) by thermal treatment of (C) c) Separating evaporated heavy metal chloride compounds (HMCC) d) Obtaining a solid material after the thermal treatment step.

The present application relates to a process for the purification of waste materials or industrial by-products, the process comprising the steps of: a) Preparing a composition (C) by blending or mixing waste materials or industrial by-products comprising chlorine (B) with one or more materials comprising heavy metals (HM) b) Reacting (B) and (HM) by thermal treatment of (C) c) Separating evaporated heavy metal chloride compounds (HMCC) d) Obtaining a solid material after the thermal treatment step.

The present disclosure is related to systems and methods for solid-phase reactions.

The present disclosure is related to systems and methods for solid-phase reactions.

A method for producing metal chloride Mx+Clx? includes reacting metal carbonate in solid form using phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to form metal chloride Mx+Clx?, wherein the metal M is selected from the group containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, for example, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cations. An apparatus for performing such method is also disclosed.