A process for synthesizing a Mn.sup.4+ doped phosphor of formula I by electrolysis is presented. The process includes electrolyzing a reaction solution comprising a source of manganese, a source of M and a source of A. One aspect relates to a phosphor composition produced by the process. A lighting apparatus including the phosphor composition is also provided. A.sub.x[MF.sub.y]:Mn.sup.4+ (I) where, A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof; M is Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, Al, Ga, In, Sc, Hf, Y, La, Nb, Ta, Bi, Gd, or a combination thereof; x is the absolute value of the charge of the [MF.sub.y] ion; and y is 5, 6 or 7.

Embodiments of the present application relate to a solid electrolyte and a preparation method thereof, and an electrochemical device and an electronic device comprising the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte comprises a lithium-containing transition metal sulfide being represented by the chemical formula of Li.sub.22a+bCd.sub.1+aM.sub.cGe.sub.1dS.sub.4, where M is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Si, Sn and a combination thereof, wherein 0<a0.25, 0b0.2, 0c0.2, and 0d0.2. The embodiments of the present application effectively improve the shortcomings of poor chemical stability of the conventional thiophosphate solid electrolyte in an atmospheric environment by providing the above solid electrolyte having a thio-LISICON structure and containing no phosphorus (P), so that the solid electrolyte has both good chemical stability and high ionic conductivity, thereby reducing the processing environment requirements and manufacturing cost of the solid electrolyte.

Calibration devices including germanium-68 source material are disclosed. The source material may be a matrix material (e.g., zeolite) in which germanium-68 is isomorphously substituted for central atoms in tetrahedra within the matrix material. Methods for preparing such calibration devices are also disclosed.

The present invention provides a thermoelectric conversion material represented by the following chemical formula (I):
Ba.sub.8+aCu.sub.6bGe.sub.40+6 (I) wherein the values of a is not less than 0.1 and not more than 0.47; the values of b is not less than 0 and not more than 0.43; the thermoelectric conversion material has a clathrate crystal structure; and the thermoelectric conversion material is of p-type. The present invention provides a p-type BaCuGe clathrate thermoelectric conversion material having high thermoelectric conversion performance index.

A perovskite material represented by Formula 1:

Li.sub.xA.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.3-Formula 1 wherein in Formula 1, 0<x1, 0<y1, 0<x+y<1, 0<z1.5, 01, A is H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, or a combination thereof, and M is Ni, Pd, Pb, Fe, Ir, Co, Rh, Mn, Cr, Ru, Re, Sn, V, Ge, W, Zr, Mo, Hf, U, Nb, Th, Ta, Bi, Li, H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Zn, Ga, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Pt, Au, or a combination thereof.

The present invention provides a light valve containing ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles; more specifically is related to a light valve containing halide ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles that can control light transmittance. The preferable halide ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles in this invention consist of A being at least one of Cs.sup.+, CH3NH3.sup.+, and Rb.sup.+, B being at least one of Pb.sup.2+, Ge.sup.2+, and Sn.sup.2+, and X being at least one of Cl.sup., Br.sup., and I.sup.. This kind of halide ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles were suspended in a liquid suspension to make a light valve with a light transmittance control, which discloses a completely new application for ABX.sub.3 perovskite materials.

An organic-inorganic perovskite CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 nanowire showing a length-width aspect ratio from 5-400 up to 10.sup.9 and a width-height ratio of 1-100 up to 1-10000. Further, the invention is embodied as a process for making the nanowire wherein at least a polar aprotic solvents is used, the polar aprotic solvent being at least one from the list comprising DMF, DMSO, and DMAc solvents.

Provided is an oxide fluorescent material having a light emission peak in a wavelength range from red light to near-infrared light.

The oxide fluorescent material has a composition including: a first element M.sup.1 being at least one element selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs; a second element M.sup.2 being at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Mg, Ba, and Zn; Ge; O (oxygen); and Cr, the composition optionally including: a third element M.sup.3 being at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Hf, and Pb; and a fourth element M.sup.4 being at least one element selected from the group consisting of Eu, Ce, Tb, Pr, Nd, Sm, Yb, Ho, Er, Tm, Ni, and Mn. When the molar ratio of Ge, or the total molar ratio of the third element M.sup.3 and Ge in the case of comprising the third element M.sup.3, in 1 mol of the composition of the oxide fluorescent material is 6, the molar ratio of the first element M.sup.1 is 1.5 or more and 2.5 or less, the molar ratio of the second element M.sup.2 is 0.7 or more and 1.3 or less, the molar ratio of the third element M.sup.3 is 0 or more and 0.4 or less, the molar ratio of O (oxygen) is 12.9 or more and 15.1 or less, and the molar ratio of Cr is 0.2 or less. The oxide fluorescent material has a light emission peak wavelength of 700 nm or more and 1,050 nm or less in a light emission spectrum of the oxide fluorescent material.

The present invention provides a thermoelectric conversion material represented by the following chemical formula (I):

Ba.sub.8+aCu.sub.6bGe.sub.40+6 (I) wherein the values of a is not less than 0.1 and not more than 0.47; the values of b is not less than 0 and not more than 0.43; the thermoelectric conversion material has a clathrate crystal structure; and the thermoelectric conversion material is of p-type.

The present invention provides a p-type BaCuGe clathrate thermoelectric conversion material having high thermoelectric conversion performance index.

A thermoelectric material containing a dichalcogenide compound represented by Formula 1 and having low thermoelectric conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient:
R.sub.aT.sub.bX.sub.2-nY.sub.n(1)
wherein R is a rare earth element, T includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 1 elements, Group 2 elements, and a transition metal, X includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and Te, Y is different from X and includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, Sn, B, Al, Ga and In, a is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1, b is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and n is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 2.