The use of a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide and a catalyst to prepare a water impermeable product is provided. Also provided is a water impermeable fibre-based product prepared using a sol. Further provided is a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst. A method of making a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst is also provided. The method comprises: a) dispersing a biopolymer in a solution comprising a catalyst and then adding an alkoxide; b) dispersing an alkoxide in a solvent, adding a catalyst and then adding a biopolymer; or c) dispersing an alkoxide in a solution comprising a catalyst and then adding a biopolymer. Yet further provided is a coated product wherein the product has been coated with a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst. A powder derived from a sol as described herein is also disclosed.

The use of a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide and a catalyst to prepare a water impermeable product is provided. Also provided is a water impermeable fibre-based product prepared using a sol. Further provided is a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst. A method of making a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst is also provided. The method comprises: a) dispersing a biopolymer in a solution comprising a catalyst and then adding an alkoxide; b) dispersing an alkoxide in a solvent, adding a catalyst and then adding a biopolymer; or c) dispersing an alkoxide in a solution comprising a catalyst and then adding a biopolymer. Yet further provided is a coated product wherein the product has been coated with a sol comprising a solvent, an alkoxide, a biopolymer, and a catalyst. A powder derived from a sol as described herein is also disclosed.

The present invention provides a tin oxide forming composition and a tin oxide forming method using the tin oxide forming composition. The tin oxide forming composition of the present invention is easy to manufacture and is capable of forming a tin oxide with a high yield.

The present invention provides a tin oxide forming composition and a tin oxide forming method using the tin oxide forming composition. The tin oxide forming composition of the present invention is easy to manufacture and is capable of forming a tin oxide with a high yield.

A dielectric composition including a metal oxide particle including a diameter of 5 nanometers or less capped with an organic ligand at at least a 1:1 ratio. A method including synthesizing metal oxide particles including a diameter of 5 nanometers or less; and capping the metal oxide particles with an organic ligand at at least a 1:1 ratio. A method including forming an interconnect layer on a semiconductor substrate; forming a first hardmask material and a different second hardmask material on the interconnect layer, wherein at least one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material is formed over an area of interconnect layer target for a via landing and at least one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material include metal oxide nanoparticles; and forming an opening to the interconnect layer selectively through one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material.

A dielectric composition including a metal oxide particle including a diameter of 5 nanometers or less capped with an organic ligand at at least a 1:1 ratio. A method including synthesizing metal oxide particles including a diameter of 5 nanometers or less; and capping the metal oxide particles with an organic ligand at at least a 1:1 ratio. A method including forming an interconnect layer on a semiconductor substrate; forming a first hardmask material and a different second hardmask material on the interconnect layer, wherein at least one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material is formed over an area of interconnect layer target for a via landing and at least one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material include metal oxide nanoparticles; and forming an opening to the interconnect layer selectively through one of the first hardmask material and the second hardmask material.

A battery cell having an anode or cathode comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

A battery cell having an anode or cathode comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

Tin containing precursors and methods of forming tin-containing thin films are described. The tin precursor has a tin-diazadiene bond and is homoleptic or heteroleptic. A suitable reactant is used to provide one of a metallic tin film or a film comprising one or more of an oxide, nitride, carbide, boride and/or silicide. Methods of forming ternary materials comprising tin with two or more of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, silicon, titanium, ruthenium and/or tungsten are also described.

Tin containing precursors and methods of forming tin-containing thin films are described. The tin precursor has a tin-diazadiene bond and is homoleptic or heteroleptic. A suitable reactant is used to provide one of a metallic tin film or a film comprising one or more of an oxide, nitride, carbide, boride and/or silicide. Methods of forming ternary materials comprising tin with two or more of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, silicon, titanium, ruthenium and/or tungsten are also described.