Disclosed are methods for purification of a crude TiI.sub.4 for deposition of Ti-containing films including evaporating volatile impurities in the crude TiI.sub.4 under vacuum at room temperature in a sublimator and removing the volatile impurities, placing the sublimator in a hot oil bath under vacuum at a temperature to evaporate TiI.sub.4 and form powders or a solid, and sublimating the powers or the solid under vacuum at the temperature to obtain the purified TiI.sub.4. Disclosed are methods for storage of a pure TiI.sub.4 including drying a stainless-steel canister, instantaneously moving the dried stainless steel canister into a glove box under inert atmosphere at room temperature, moving the pure TiI.sub.4 into the glove box, filling the pure TiI.sub.4 into the dried stainless-steel canister, and sealing the dried stainless steel canister containing the pure TiI.sub.4 with metallic sealing.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

According to one embodiment, a pattern formation method is disclosed. The method can include a preparation process, a first layer formation process, a block copolymer layer formation process, and a contact process. The preparation process prepares a pattern formation material including a polymer including a first chemical structure including carbon, hydrogen, and a first group. The first group includes one of a vinyl group, a hydroxy group, or a first element. The first layer formation process forms a first layer on a base body. The first layer includes the pattern formation material. The block copolymer layer formation process forms a block copolymer layer on the first layer. The block copolymer layer includes a first polymer and a second polymer. The block copolymer layer formation process includes forming first and second regions. The contact process causes the block copolymer layer to contact a metal compound including a metallic element.

This disclosure relates to a fluidized bed reaction system and method for continuous production of titanium tetrachloride from titanium-bearing materials containing high concentrations of alkaline earth metal impurities. Agglomerated heavy particles in a reaction are taken out continuously from a chlorination reactor without clogging and stopping. The reactors and related methods disclosed apply to the chlorination of titanium slag containing high content of alkaline earth metal oxides of up to 15% by weight.

The present invention relates to the recovery of rare earths, scandium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, titanium, and the like from ores or concentrates containing fluorine. More specifically, the ores or concentrates are pretreated by carbochlorination to convert the rare earths and other metals into their chlorides and then subjected to dilute hydrochloric acid leaching to recover the valuable rare earths and other metals from the leachate. Niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and titanium can be recovered as their chlorides or oxychlorides from the gaseous products of carbochlorination, or converted into their oxides while simultaneously regenerating chlorine.

Method and apparatus for preparing at least one metal chloride from metal oxide containing material comprising calcining the metal oxide containing material under temperature conditions sufficient to obtain a calcined product comprising at least one metal oxide; and selectively chlorinating the calcined product to form at least one metal chloride.

This disclosure relates to a fluidized bed reaction system and method for continuous production of titanium tetrachloride from titanium-bearing materials containing high concentrations of alkaline earth metal impurities. Agglomerated heavy particles in a reaction are taken out continuously from a chlorination reactor without clogging and stopping. The reactors and related methods disclosed apply to the chlorination of titanium slag containing high content of alkaline earth metal oxides of up to 15% by weight.

The invention relates to a method for separating valuable metal chlorides, particularly titanium tetrachloride and niobium pentachloride, from solid residues, in particular the filter dust generated during the chlorination of raw materials containing iron and titanium in the production of titanium dioxide using the chloride process.

A technique is provided in which valuable material is recovered from solid recovered material generated during chlorinating process of titanium-containing raw material, and in particular, in which chlorine gas and titanium-containing raw material can be efficiently separated and recovered from the solid recovered material. The method for production of titanium tetrachloride includes: a chlorinating process in which titanium-containing raw material, coke and chlorine are reacted, a recovering process in which chlorine gas, titanium oxide and coke are recovered by treating solid recovered material which is byproduced during the chlorinating process, and a reusing process in which these recovered material are reused as raw material for the chlorinating process.

Preparing a metal-containing solution or gel includes combining a metal oxide and a liquid comprising a polar organic solvent to yield a mixture, wherein the metal oxide comprises hydrogen-bonded molecular chains, and each molecular chain comprises: a metal from Groups 4-6; at least one oxyanion of a main group element from Groups 15 and 16 bound to the metal through a polar covalent bond, wherein the at least one oxyanion is optionally protonated; and at least one water molecule bound to the metal through a polar covalent bond; and heating the mixture to yield a solution or gel comprising the polar organic solvent and the metal. The solution or gel can be acidic.