An apparatus has a surface exposable to a byproduct carbonaceous material formation environment and comprising a perovskite material having an ABO.sub.3 perovskite structure and being of formula A.sub.aB.sub.bO.sub.3-, wherein 0.9<a1.2; 0.9<b1.2; 0.5<<0.5; A is a combination of a first element and a second element, the first element is selected from yttrium, bismuth, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and any combination thereof, the second element is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and any combination thereof; and B is selected from silver, gold, cadmium, cerium, cobalt, chromium, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, ferrum, gallium, gadolinium, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, lanthanum, lutetium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, neodymium, nickel, osmium, palladium, promethium, praseodymium, platinum, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, antimony, scandium, samarium, tin, tantalum, terbium, technetium, titanium, thulium, vanadium, tungsten, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc, zirconium, and any combination thereof. An associated method is also described.

A method of producing perovskite nanocrystalline particles using a liquid crystal includes a first operation for preparing a mixed solution including a first precursor compound, a second precursor compound, and a first solvent. a second operation for preparing a precursor solution by adding an organic ligand to the prepared mixed solution, a third operation for performing crystallization treatment after adding the prepared precursor solution to a reactor containing a liquid crystal, and a fourth operation for separating the perovskite nanocrystalline particles from the crystallized solution through a centrifugal separator.

The present invention relates to the photocatalyst field, and discloses a photocatalyst for removing hydroxypropyl guar gum in flow-back fluid of fracturing liquid, and a preparation method and the use of the photocatalyst, wherein, the photocatalyst is expressed by Bi.sub.5O.sub.7Br.sub.0.5I.sub.0.5, in a powder form in 12-15 nm particle size, with 285-300 m.sup.2/g specific surface area. The photocatalyst has improved response to visible light, has greater specific surface area, and has very high activity in removal of hydroxypropyl guar gum in flow-back fluid of fracturing liquid. In addition, the photocatalyst can be prepared with a simple preparation method under mild conditions, and can be used to remove hydroxypropyl guar gum in flow-back fluid of fracturing liquid.

The Present teachings provide, in part, methods of separating two-dimensional nanomaterials by atomic layer thickness. In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide methods of generating graphene nanomaterials having a controlled number of atomic layer(s).

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device comprising a semiconducting material, wherein the semiconducting material comprises a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I]; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X]. The invention also relates to a process for producing a semiconductor device comprising said semiconducting material. Also described is a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I] selected from Cu.sup.+, Ag.sup.+ and Au.sup.+; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X].

Silicon-based composite material is provided, comprising a co-blended material having a porous structure, a sodium bismuth titanate (Bi.sub.0.5Na.sub.0.5) TiO.sub.3 piezoelectric material encapsulated on the surface of the co-blended material, and the co-blended material comprising a co-blended porous Si/C material and a multi-walled carbon nanotube. The silicon-based composite material has a porous structure that provides a multi-path transport channel for lithium ions and provides an effective buffer space for the volume expansion of the silicon; the conductive network constituted by the multi-walled carbon nanotubes CNTs is conducive to enhanced electron transfer which enables excellent reaction kinetics; the network structure composed of CNTs helps lithium ions to maintain structural stability in the process of de-embedded lithium, which in turn maintains high capacity at high currents and has high stability. The external stimulation of the sodium bismuth titanate (Bi.sub.0.5Na.sub.0.5)TiO.sub.3 piezoelectric material always presents and the function does not fail to maintain good interfacial contact and promote interfacial lithium-ion transport capacity more effectively.

A dielectric material, a method of manufacturing thereof, and a dielectric device and an electronic device including the same. A dielectric material includes a layered metal oxide including a first layer having a positive charge and a second layer having a negative charge which are laminated, a monolayer nanosheet exfoliated from the layered metal oxide, a nanosheet laminate of the monolayer nanosheets, or a combination thereof, wherein the dielectric material includes a two-dimensional layered material having a two-dimensional crystal structure and the two-dimensional layered material is represented by Chemical Formula 1.

The present invention relates to pigments based on bismuth compounds and to the use thereof, preferably as laser-absorbing additive, and to a process for the preparation thereof.

A dielectric composition, a dielectric element, an electronic component and a laminated electronic component are disclosed. In an embodiment the dielectric composition includes particles having a perovskite crystal structure including at least Bi, Na, Sr and Ti, wherein at least some of the particles have a core-shell structure including a core portion and a shell portion, and wherein the content of Bi present in the core portion is no greater than 0.83 times the content of Bi present in the shell portion.