An agricultural and horticultural film that does not raise a temperature of an atmosphere such as a greenhouse by using the agricultural and horticultural film in the greenhouse, etc., while absorbing infrared rays from the sunlight and warming the soil, the film having an infrared absorbing layer containing infrared absorbing material ultrafine particles, wherein the infrared absorbing material ultrafine particles are composite tungsten oxide ultrafine particles, and the composite tungsten oxide ultrafine particles have a XRD peak top intensity ratio value of 0.13 or more based on an XRD peak intensity ratio value of 1 on plane of a silicon powder standard sample (640c produced by NIST).

A coated substrate is provided that comprises: a substrate; and a barrier coating comprising a compound having the formula: Ln.sub.2ABO.sub.8, where Ln comprises scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, or mixtures thereof; A comprises Si, Ti, Ge, Sn, Ce, Hf, Zr, or a combination thereof; and B comprises Mo, W, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, B comprises Mo. A gas turbine is also provided that comprises the coated substrate described above.

A method for positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes preparing a precursor by reacting a nickel raw material, a cobalt raw material and an M1 raw material; forming a first surface-treated layer including an oxide of Formula 2 below, on a surface of a core including a lithium composite metal oxide of Formula 1 below, by mixing the precursor with a lithium raw material and an M3 raw material, firing the resultant mixture; and forming a second surface-treated layer including a lithium compound of Formula 3 below, on the core with the first surface-treated layer formed thereon,

Li.sub.aNi.sub.1xyCo.sub.xM1.sub.yM3.sub.zM2.sub.wO.sub.2 [Formula 1]

Li.sub.mM4O.sub.(m+n)/2 [Formula 2]

Li.sub.pM5.sub.qA.sub.r [Formula 3]

wherein, in Formulae 1 to 3, A, M1 to M5, a, x, y, z, w, m, n, p, and q are the same as those defined in the specification.

A heat-insulating transparent PVC sheet is formed from a PVC substrate having a thickness of 0.02-2.0 mm and contains heat-insulation pastes evenly distributed over the PVC substrate, since the heat-insulation paste contains an essential component of wolfram cesium powder (WCs) with a chemical formula of Cs.sub.XN.sub.YWO.sub.3-ZCl.sub.C and having a particle size of 0.005-2 m, the heat-insulating transparent PVC sheet has an excellent weatherability, and particularly before and after tested in 300-hour service life in line with ASTM G-154 specification, has a physical property of weatherability decay rate (%) small than 4%.

The compound according to the invention is a compound of formula (1) A.sub.x W.sub.1-yMO.sub.yO.sub.3, wherein A is chosen from the group comprising the Li, Na, NH.sub.4, K and H cations, and it is characterized in that x and y verify the relationships 0x1 and 0y0.5, and in that it has a crystalline structure of the hexagonal type with a base of WO.sub.6 octahedra, said structure having tunnels delimited by 6, 4 and 3 of said octahedra and oriented along the axis c.

The present invention provides a positive electrode active material for secondary battery and a secondary battery including the same. The positive electrode active material includes a core including a lithium composite metal oxide of Formula 1 below, a first surface-treated layer positioned on the surface of the core and including a lithium oxide of Formula 2 below, and a second surface treated layer positioned on the core or the first surface-treated layer and including a lithium compound of Formula 3. Thus, the present invention can improve capacity characteristics and output characteristics of a battery and also reduce the generation of gas,
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-x-yCo.sub.xM1.sub.yM3.sub.zM2.sub.wO.sub.2 [Formula 1]
Li.sub.mM4O.sub.(m+n)/2 [Formula 2]
Li.sub.pM5.sub.qA.sub.r [Formula 3] (in formulae 1 to 3, A, M1 to M5, a, x, y, z, w, m, n, p, and q are the same as those defined in the specification).

Disclosed are embodiments of a barium magnesium tantalate including additional components to increase the Q value of the material. In some embodiments, complex tungsten oxides and/or hexagonal perovskite crystal structures can be added into the barium magnesium tantalate to provide for advantageous properties. In some embodiments, no tin is used in the formation of the material.

A coated substrate is provided that comprises: a substrate; and a barrier coating comprising a compound having the formula: Ln.sub.2ABO.sub.s, where Ln comprises scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, or mixtures thereof; A comprises Si, Ti, Ge, Sn, Ce, Hf, Zr, or a combination thereof; and B comprises Mo, W, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, B comprises Mo.

Provided is an optical film (a composite tungsten oxide film containing cesium, tungsten, and oxygen), a sputtering target, and a method of producing a film by which film formation conditions can be easily obtained. An optical film of the present invention has transmissivity in a visible wavelength band, has absorbance in a near-infrared wavelength band, and has radio wave transparency, and is characterized in that the optical film comprises cesium, tungsten, and oxygen, in which a refractive index n and an extinction coefficient k of the optical film at each of 300 nm and wavelengths [400 nm, 600 nm, . . . , 2400 nm] specified at 200 nm intervals in a wavelength region from 400 nm to 2400 nm are set within a range between n-max and n-min made by graphing the maximum value and the minimum value of the refractive index in a wavelength dispersion graph of optical constants shown in FIG. 1 and within a range between k-max and k-min made by graphing the maximum value and the minimum value of the extinction coefficient in the above wavelength dispersion graph of optical constants.

According to one embodiment, provided is an active material including a composite oxide having a tetragonal crystal structure. The composite oxide is represented by general formula Li.sub.aTi.sub.bNb.sub.2?2dM.sub.c+2dO.sub.2b+5+3c. Here, M is one selected from the group consisting of W and Mo, 0?a?b+4+3c, 0<b<2?2d, and 0<c<2?4d.