This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium metal oxyfluorides. In one aspect, a method for manufacturing a lithium metal oxyfluoride having a general formula Li.sub.1+x(MM).sub.zO.sub.2-yF.sub.y, with 0.6z0.95, 0<y0.67, and 0.05x0.4, the lithium metal oxyfluoride having a cation-disordered rocksalt structure, includes: providing at least one lithium-based precursor; providing at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer; and mixing the at least one lithium-based precursor, the at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor, the at least redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor, and the at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer to form a mixture.

Process for precipitating a carbonate or (oxy)hydroxide comprising nickel from an aqueous solution of a nickel salt wherein such process is carried out in a vessel comprising (A) a vessel body, (B) one or more elements that control the hydraulic flow of the slurry formed during the precipitation and that induce a loop-type circulation flow, and (C) a stirrer whose stirrer element is in the vessel but located separately from the element(s) (B).

Lithium-containing thiostannate spinel compounds having the formula Li.sub.2M.sub.1+xSn.sub.3?xS.sub.8, where x is 0 or 1 and M is Mg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ga, In, or a combination thereof; or the formula Li.sub.1.66CuSn.sub.3.33S.sub.8 are provided. Methods and devices for detecting incident neutrons and alpha-particles using the compounds are also provided. For thermal neutron detection applications, the compounds can be enriched with lithium-6 isotope (.sup.6Li) to enhance their neutron detecting capabilities.

A method for forming a cathode includes milling a suspension of precursors via a micromedia mill to form a mixture of primary particles in the suspension. The precursors include one or more metal compounds. The method includes spray drying the suspension after the milling to form secondary particles. The secondary particles are agglomerations of the primary particles. The method also includes annealing the secondary particles to form a disordered rocksalt powder.

A positive-electrode active material contains a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to the space group FM3-M and that is represented by the composition formula (1):
Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub.(1) wherein Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, and solid solutions thereof, and the following conditions are satisfied.
1.8x2.2
0.8y1.3
1.22.5
0.51.8

A phosphor including a crystal phase of an aluminate compound containing a metal element M constituting a luminescent center ion and aluminum, in which the crystal phase contains crystallites, and an average size of the crystallites is 2 to 100 ?m.

A positive electrode active material according to the present disclosure includes a lithium composite oxide. The lithium composite oxide is a multiphase mixture including a first phase having a crystal structure belonging to space group C2/m and a second phase having a crystal structure belonging to space group R-3m and includes at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, N, and S. In an XRD pattern of the lithium composite oxide, the integrated intensity ratio I.sub.(20?-23?)/I.sub.(18?-20?) of a second maximum peak present in a diffraction angle 2? range of greater than or equal to 20? and less than or equal to 23? to a first maximum peak present in a diffraction angle 2? range of greater than or equal to 18? and less than or equal to 20? satisfies 0.05?I.sub.(20?-23?)/I.sub.(18?-20?)?0.26.

A positive electrode active material according to the present disclosure includes: a lithium composite oxide which includes Mn and at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and N, and S. The lithium composite oxide has a crystalline structure which belongs to the space group Fd-3m, and a relationship 1.40?intensity ratio I.sub.Mn1/I.sub.Mn2?1.90 is satisfied. The intensity ratio I.sub.Mn1/I.sub.Mn2 is a ratio of an intensity I.sub.Mn1 to an intensity I.sub.Mn2. The intensity I.sub.Mn1 and the intensity I.sub.Mn2 are intensities of a first proximity peak and a second proximity peak, respectively, of the Mn in a radial distribution function of the Mn included in the lithium composite oxide.

The present invention provides a layered double hydroxide with improved conductivity, a layered double hydroxide and a composite material containing the layered double hydroxide. The layered double hydroxide is represented by the general formula: [Mg.sup.2+.sub.(1-y)M1.sup.+.sub.y].sub.1-x[Al.sup.3+.sub.(1-z)M2.sup.+.sub.z].sub.x(OH).sub.2A.sup.n.sub.x/n.mH.sub.2O, wherein 0.1x0.4, 0y0.95, and 0z0.95, provided that both y and z are not 0 at the same time; =1 or 2; =2 or 3; A.sup.n is an n-valent anion, provided that n is an integer of 1 or greater; m0; M1.sup.+ is a cation of at least one substituent element selected from monovalent elements, transition metal elements, and other elements with an ionic radius greater than that of Mg.sup.2+; and M2.sup.+ is a cation of at least one element selected from divalent elements, transition metals, and other elements with an ionic radius greater than that of Al.sup.3+.

A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to A.sub.xMn.sub.(y-k)M.sup.j.sub.k[Mn.sup.m(CN).sub.(6-p-q)(NC).sub.p(Che_I).sup.r.sub.q].sub.z. CHE_GROUP (Vac).sub.(1-z).nH.sub.2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I).sup.r.sub.w, (Che_II).sup.s.sub.v, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j4, 0k0.1, 0(p+q)6, 0<x4, 0<y1, 0<z1, 0<w0.2; 3r3; 0<v0.2; 3s3; and 0n6; wherein x+2(yk)+jk+(m+(r+1)q6)z+wr+vs=0.