Ferromagnetic materials are disclosed that comprise at least one Dirac half metal material. In addition, Dirac half metal materials are disclosed, wherein the material comprises a plurality of massless Dirac electrons. In addition, ferromagnetic materials are disclosed that includes at least one Dirac half metal material, wherein the material comprises a plurality of massless Dirac electrons, wherein the material exhibits 100% spin polarization, and wherein the plurality of electrons exhibit ultrahigh mobility. Spintronic devices and heterostructures are also disclosed that include a Dirac half metal material.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a hexafluoromanganate(IV), said method being characterized by comprising: inserting an anode and a cathode into a reaction solution that contains a compound containing manganese having an atomic valence of less than 4 and/or manganese having an atomic valence of more than 4 and hydrogen fluoride; and then applying an electric current having an electric current density of 100 to 1000 A/m.sup.2 between the anode and the cathode. According to the present invention, it becomes possible to produce a hexafluoromanganate(IV) in which the content ratio of manganese having an atomic valence of 4 is high and the contamination with oxygen is reduced and which has high purity. When a complex fluoride red phosphor is produced using the hexafluoromanganate(IV) as a raw material, the phosphor produced has high luminescence properties, particularly high internal quantum efficiency.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a hexafluoromanganate(IV), said method being characterized by comprising: inserting an anode and a cathode into a reaction solution that contains a compound containing manganese having an atomic valence of less than 4 and/or manganese having an atomic valence of more than 4 and hydrogen fluoride; and then applying an electric current having an electric current density of 100 to 1000 A/m.sup.2 between the anode and the cathode. According to the present invention, it becomes possible to produce a hexafluoromanganate(IV) in which the content ratio of manganese having an atomic valence of 4 is high and the contamination with oxygen is reduced and which has high purity. When a complex fluoride red phosphor is produced using the hexafluoromanganate(IV) as a raw material, the phosphor produced has high luminescence properties, particularly high internal quantum efficiency.

A potassium hexafluoromanganate (K2MnF6) composition includes no more than six parts per million of each of one or more Group 13 elements, no more than 520 parts per million of one or more alkaline earth metals, no more than fourteen parts per million of one or more transition metals, and/or no more than forty parts per million of calcium. A method for providing this composition, as well as lighting apparatuses, backlight units, and electronic devices including phosphors formed from the composition also are provided.

A potassium hexafluoromanganate (K2MnF6) composition includes no more than six parts per million of each of one or more Group 13 elements, no more than 520 parts per million of one or more alkaline earth metals, no more than fourteen parts per million of one or more transition metals, and/or no more than forty parts per million of calcium. A method for providing this composition, as well as lighting apparatuses, backlight units, and electronic devices including phosphors formed from the composition also are provided.

The invention provides a Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TIF6) manufacture process. The Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TIF6) manufacture process includes steps: A. providing titanium ferrum powder to a reaction furnace and adding HF and peroxide solution to react with the titanium ferrum powder sufficiently to manufacture H.sub.2TiF.sub.6, B. filtrating the sufficiently mixed solution of step A and adding it to another reaction furnace, and then after the H.sub.2TiF.sub.6 cools off, adding Potassium Chloride (KCl) solution to react with the mixed solution to manufacture Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TiF.sub.6); C. adding K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution to the remaining solution of step B and react with the remaining solution and controlling the pH value, the element Fe is recycled by a form of Fe(OH).sub.3 flocculent precipitate and the Potassium Chloride (KCl) and KF solution are recycled. This invention has these advantages: adding peroxide to the titanium ferrum powder can oxidize Fe.sup.2+ into Fe.sup.3+ and adding K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution to clean element Fe out by a form of Fe(OH).sub.3 flocculent precipitate, and the hydrofluoric acid (HF) can be recycled which can realize the HF zero polluting discharge.

The invention provides a Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TIF6) manufacture process. The Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TIF6) manufacture process includes steps: A. providing titanium ferrum powder to a reaction furnace and adding HF and peroxide solution to react with the titanium ferrum powder sufficiently to manufacture H.sub.2TiF.sub.6, B. filtrating the sufficiently mixed solution of step A and adding it to another reaction furnace, and then after the H.sub.2TiF.sub.6 cools off, adding Potassium Chloride (KCl) solution to react with the mixed solution to manufacture Potassium Fluotitanate (K.sub.2TiF.sub.6); C. adding K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution to the remaining solution of step B and react with the remaining solution and controlling the pH value, the element Fe is recycled by a form of Fe(OH).sub.3 flocculent precipitate and the Potassium Chloride (KCl) and KF solution are recycled. This invention has these advantages: adding peroxide to the titanium ferrum powder can oxidize Fe.sup.2+ into Fe.sup.3+ and adding K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution to clean element Fe out by a form of Fe(OH).sub.3 flocculent precipitate, and the hydrofluoric acid (HF) can be recycled which can realize the HF zero polluting discharge.

Compositions suitable for reversibly storing heat in thermal energy systems (TES) include a salt hydrate represented by the formula: MX.sub.q.Math.nH.sub.2O. M is a cation selected from Groups 1 to 14 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, X is a halide of Group 17, q ranges from 1 to 4, and n ranges from 1 to 12. The cation (M) may have an electronegativity of about 1.8 and a molar mass about 28 g/mol. The anion (X) may have an electronegativity of about 2.9 to about 3.2. A distance between a cation (M) and coordinating water molecules (H.sub.2O) is about 2.1 . Thermal energy systems (TES) incorporating such compositions are also provided that are configured to reversibly store heat in the thermal energy system (TES) via an endothermic dehydration reaction and to release heat in in the thermal energy system (TES) via an exothermic hydration reaction.

Compositions suitable for reversibly storing heat in thermal energy systems (TES) include a salt hydrate represented by the formula: MX.sub.q.Math.nH.sub.2O. M is a cation selected from Groups 1 to 14 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, X is a halide of Group 17, q ranges from 1 to 4, and n ranges from 1 to 12. The cation (M) may have an electronegativity of about 1.8 and a molar mass about 28 g/mol. The anion (X) may have an electronegativity of about 2.9 to about 3.2. A distance between a cation (M) and coordinating water molecules (H.sub.2O) is about 2.1 . Thermal energy systems (TES) incorporating such compositions are also provided that are configured to reversibly store heat in the thermal energy system (TES) via an endothermic dehydration reaction and to release heat in in the thermal energy system (TES) via an exothermic hydration reaction.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a hexafluoromanganate(IV), said method being characterized by comprising: inserting an anode and a cathode into a reaction solution that contains a compound containing manganese having an atomic valence of less than 4 and/or manganese having an atomic valence of more than 4 and hydrogen fluoride; and then applying an electric current having an electric current density of 100 to 1000 A/m.sup.2 between the anode and the cathode. According to the present invention, it becomes possible to produce a hexafluoromanganate(IV) in which the content ratio of manganese having an atomic valence of 4 is high and the contamination with oxygen is reduced and which has high purity. When a complex fluoride red phosphor is produced using the hexafluoromanganate(IV) as a raw material, the phosphor produced has high luminescence properties, particularly high internal quantum efficiency.