An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

Magnetosomes for use in a sequential laser radiation medical treatment, wherein the magnetosomes are administered to a body part of an individual. In a first step, the magnetosomes are irradiated by a laser radiation, and in a second step, the magnetosomes are irradiated by a laser radiation of lower power than in the first step or no laser irradiation of the magnetosomes is performed. The sequence of the first step and second step is repeated at least once.

Provided herein are compositions, devices, electrochemical systems, and methods relating to lithium-rich iron sulfide lithium-ion battery cathodes. In one embodiment, a composition may be characterized by formula FX1: Li.sub.w-?Al.sub.xFe.sub.zS.sub.2. In some embodiments, w may be greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 2.5. In some embodiments, x may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5. In some embodiments, z may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1. In some embodiments, ? may be greater than or equal to 0 and less than w. In some embodiments, the composition may have a net charge of 0.

Provided herein are compositions, devices, electrochemical systems, and methods relating to lithium-rich iron sulfide lithium-ion battery cathodes. In one embodiment, a composition may be characterized by formula FX1: Li.sub.w-?Al.sub.xFe.sub.zS.sub.2. In some embodiments, w may be greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 2.5. In some embodiments, x may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5. In some embodiments, z may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1. In some embodiments, ? may be greater than or equal to 0 and less than w. In some embodiments, the composition may have a net charge of 0.

Electrodes are provided comprising a FeS.sub.2 electrocatalytic material, the FeS.sub.2 electrocatalytic material comprising FeS.sub.2 nanostructures in the form of FeS.sub.2 wires, FeS.sub.2 discs, or both, wherein the FeS.sub.2 wires and the FeS.sub.2 discs are hyperthin having a thickness in the range of from about the thickness of a monolayer of FeS.sub.2 molecules to about 20 nm. The FeS.sub.2 nanostructures may be polycrystalline comprising a non-pyrite majority crystalline phase. The FeS.sub.2 nanostructures may be in the form of FeS.sub.2 discs wherein substantially all the FeS.sub.2 discs have at least partially curved edges.

Electrodes are provided comprising a FeS.sub.2 electrocatalytic material, the FeS.sub.2 electrocatalytic material comprising FeS.sub.2 nanostructures in the form of FeS.sub.2 wires, FeS.sub.2 discs, or both, wherein the FeS.sub.2 wires and the FeS.sub.2 discs are hyperthin having a thickness in the range of from about the thickness of a monolayer of FeS.sub.2 molecules to about 20 nm. The FeS.sub.2 nanostructures may be polycrystalline comprising a non-pyrite majority crystalline phase. The FeS.sub.2 nanostructures may be in the form of FeS.sub.2 discs wherein substantially all the FeS.sub.2 discs have at least partially curved edges.

An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

A composite containing phosphorus, lithium, iron, sulfur, and carbon as constituent elements wherein lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) is present in an amount of 90 mol % or more, and wherein the crystallite size calculated from the half-width of a diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li.sub.2S as determined by X-ray powder diffraction measurement is 80 nm or less. The composite exhibits a high capacity (in particular, a high discharge capacity) useful as an electrode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery (in particular, a cathode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery), without the need for stepwise pre-cycling treatment.