The invention relates to poly oxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sup.m+{M.sub.s[MM.sub.15X.sub.10O.sub.yR.sub.zH.sub.q]}.sup.m or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal-clusters, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in reductive conversion of organic substrate.

A substantially insoluble compound having a polysaccharide backbone which is derivatised at one or more of its hydroxyl groups with a ligand (L) bound to the sugar moiety by a sulphur atom which may be tailored according to a wide range of applications. The compound is useful as a catalyst and in removal of contaminants from a feed containing particularly metal ions.

Disclosed are a perovskite compound, a method for producing the perovskite compound, a catalyst for a fuel cell including the perovskite compound, and a method for producing the catalyst. The perovskite compound overcomes the low stability of palladium due to its perovskite structural properties. Therefore, the perovskite compound can be used as a catalyst material for a fuel cell. In addition, the use of palladium in the catalyst instead of expensive platinum leads to an improvement in the price competitiveness of fuel cells. The catalyst is highly durable and catalytically active due to its perovskite structure.

A method for the rapid and controlled synthesis of mixed metal oxide nanoparticles using relatively low temperature plasma oxidation of liquid droplets of predetermined mixed metal precursors is disclosed. The resulting nanoparticles reflect the metal precursor stoichiometries and the mixed metal oxide's metastable phase can be controlled. The synthesis of mixed transition metal oxide comprising binary metal oxides, ternary mixed metal oxides, quaternary mixed metal oxides and pentanary mixed metal oxides are demonstrated herein.

Provided is a method of making an inorganic platinum compound. The method includes the steps of: Step (A): providing a platinum material and a halogen-containing oxidizing agent; and Step (B): treating the platinum material with the halogen-containing oxidizing agent in a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to obtain the inorganic platinum compound, including chloroplatinic acid or chloroplatinate salt; wherein the halogen-containing oxidizing agent excludes chlorine gas. The method of making an inorganic platinum compound is simple, safe, time-effective, cost-effective, and environment-friendly, and has the advantage of high yield.

A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:

A.sub.4+xM.sub.5-yM.sub.yO.sub.12-,Formula 1

wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, M is at least one of a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, or a tetravalent cation, M is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, M and M are different from each other, and 0.3x<3, 0.01<y<2, and 01 are satisfied.

A mixed ionic and electronic conductor represented by Formula 1:

T.sub.xVa.sub.yA.sub.1-x-yM.sub.zO.sub.3-,

wherein T includes at least one monovalent cation, A includes at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, and a trivalent cation, M includes at least one of a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, and a pentavalent cation, M is an element other than Ti and Zr, Va is a vacancy, is an oxygen vacancy, 0<x, y0.25, 0<z<1, and 01.

A perovskite material represented by Formula 1:

Li.sub.xA.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.3-Formula 1 wherein in Formula 1, 0<x1, 0<y1, 0<x+y<1, 0<z1.5, 01, A is H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, or a combination thereof, and M is Ni, Pd, Pb, Fe, Ir, Co, Rh, Mn, Cr, Ru, Re, Sn, V, Ge, W, Zr, Mo, Hf, U, Nb, Th, Ta, Bi, Li, H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Zn, Ga, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Pt, Au, or a combination thereof.

A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:

A.sub.xTi.sub.5yG.sub.zO.sub.12Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, G is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, with the proviso that G is not Ti or Cr, wherein 0<x<2, 0.3<y<5, 0<z<5, and 0<3.

This invention relates to the identification of modified cytosine residues, such as 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) to be distinguished from cytosine (C) in a sample nucleotide sequence. Methods may comprise oxidising or reducing a first portion of polynucleotides which comprise the sample nucleotide sequence; treating the oxidised or reduced first portion and a second portion of polynucleotides with bisulfite; sequencing the polynucleotides in the first and second portions of the population following steps ii) and iii) to produce first and second nucleotide sequences, respectively and; identifying the residue in the first and second nucleotide sequences which corresponds to a cytosine residue in the sample nucleotide sequence. These methods may be useful, for example in the analysis of genomic DNA and/or of RNA.