The present application relates to a porous material and preparation methods thereof, and anodes and devices including the same. The porous material provided by the present application includes a material of the formula Si.sub.aM.sub.bO.sub.x, wherein the ratio of x to a is about 0.6 to about 1.5, and the ratio of a to b is about 8 to about 10,000, wherein M includes at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, P, Mg, Ti and Zr. The anode and an electrochemical device including the porous material exhibit higher rate performance, higher first coulombic efficiency, higher cycle stability and lower cycle expansion ratio.

The present invention is a method of producing silicon compound coated oxide particles in which at least a part of a surface of a metal oxide particle is coated with a silicon compound, wherein wettability and color characteristics are controlled by controlling a ratio of SiOH bonds contained in the silicon compound coated oxide particles. By the present invention, silicon compound coated oxide particles having controlled wettability such as hydrophilicity, water repellency or oil repellency, and controlled color characteristics of either reflectivity, molar absorption coefficient or transmittance can be provided.

There is provided an industrially scalable system and method for preparing graphene oxide and thereafter reduced graphene oxide, with high yields (generally better than 98 percent), in which the yield and quality are maximized. In certain embodiments of the present method and process, the initial particle size of the graphite charge and the temperature profile are of greater importance to a successful outcome than the reactants themselves. It should be noted that unlike the previous Hummers methods and derivatives, secondary oxidizers and exfoliation agents such as nitric acid, sodium nitrate and similar intercalation agents are not necessary to achieve the desired result.

A process for preparing a zeolitic material comprising a metal M, having framework type AEI, and having a framework in structure which comprises a tetravalent element Y, a trivalent element X, and oxygen, said process comprising (i) providing a zeolitic of material comprising the metal M, having a framework type other than AEI, and having a framework structure comprising the trivalent element X, and oxygen; (ii) preparing a synthesis mixture comprising the zeolitic material provided in (i), water, a source of the tetravalent element Y, and an AEI framework structure directing agent; (iii) subjecting the synthesis mixture prepared in (ii) to hydrothermal synthesis conditions comprising heating the synthesis mixture to a temperature in the range of from 100 to 200 C. and keeping the synthesis mixture at a temperature in this range under autogenous pressure, obtaining the zeolitic material having framework type AEI; wherein Y is one or more of Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr; wherein X is one or more of Al, B, Ga, In; wherein M is a transition metal of groups 7 to 12 of the periodic table of elements.

A process for preparing a nanometric zeolite Y of FAU structural type with a crystal size of less than 100 nm and an A/B ratio of greater than 2, by mixing, in aqueous medium, of at least one source AO.sub.2 of at least one tetravalent element A chosen from silicon, germanium and titanium, of at least one source BO.sub.b of at least one trivalent element B chosen from aluminum, boron, iron, indium and gallium, of at least one source C.sub.2/mO of an alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal C chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, where source C.sub.2/mO also includes at least one source of hydroxide ions, to obtain a gel, maturation and hydrothermal treatment of the gel.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a reactive nano silicate, which can comprise a silica/acid composite comprising reactive functional groups activated by an intramolecular disturber. The reactive functional groups can comprise at least one of SiH, SiOH, silazane, durazane, polysilazane, and spiro silazane. The intramolecular disturber can comprise at least one of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Xe.sub.2O, SnO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, or a rare earth element oxide.

Disclosed are compositions for catalysts comprising a zeolite promoted by metal and or metal oxide. In some aspects, the metal and/or metal oxide comprise a mixture of two or more metal or metal oxides. In various aspects, the zeolite is a pentasil zeolite and/or a ZSM-5 type zeolite. Also disclosed are processes for making the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts comprising preparing a mixture of a zeolite and one or more metal salts, which can include use of incipient wetness impregnation methods. In various aspects, also disclosed are methods for direct, non-oxidative preparation of higher hydrocarbons from natural gas, including selective for high yield production of C6 and higher hydrocarbons. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The present invention provides a boron-containing silica dispersion having better dispersion stability at a high concentration, and higher binding properties between boron and silica than conventional dispersions. The present invention is a boron-containing silica dispersion containing amorphous silica particles containing boron atoms and a dispersion medium; the boron-containing amorphous silica particles having an average particle size of 10 to 100 nm, as determined from 40 particles selected at random in a transmission electron micrograph; the boron-containing silica dispersion having a solids content of 5 to 30 mass %; and the boron-containing silica dispersion having a sedimentation rate of the particles of 4% or less, when the boron-containing silica dispersion is left standing for 1000 hours, and proportions of SiO.sub.2 and B.sub.2O.sub.3 of 90.0 to 99.8 mass % and 0.2 to 10.0 mass %, respectively, in 100 mass % of a total of SiO.sub.2 and B.sub.2O.sub.3, all terms of oxide, when the boron-containing silica dispersion is subjected to ultrafiltration by the following method and dried; <Ultrafiltration method> washing is performed by sequentially adding pure water in an amount of 6 times the volume of the boron-containing silica dispersion at a flow rate of a liquid fed of 3660 ml/minute using an ultrafiltration membrane with a fraction molecular weight of 13,000.

Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (Ca(OH).sub.2NPs) synthesized using carob pulp extract may be hexagonal nanoparticles with a diameter ranging from about 31.22 nm to about 81.22 nm. The Ca(OH).sub.2NPs may be synthesized by heating ethylene glycol, adding calcium hydroxide to the ethylene glycol to provide a first mixture, heating the first mixture, adding a carob pulp aqueous extract to the first mixture to form a second mixture, heating the second mixture, adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the second mixture to form a third mixture, heating the third mixture, resting the third mixture at room temperature after heating, centrifuging the third mixture, collecting a colloid sediment, extracting any unwanted contaminants from the colloid sediment, and drying the colloid sediment to obtain Ca(OH).sub.2NPs.

The present invention relates to silicon-compound-coated fine metal particles, with which surfaces of fine metal particles, composed of at least one type of metal element or metalloid element, are at least partially coated with a silicon compound and a ratio of SiOH bonds contained in the silicon-compound-coated fine metal particles is controlled to be 0.1% or more and 70% or less. By the present invention, silicon-compound-coated fine metal particles that are controlled in dispersibility and other properties can be provided by controlling the ratio of SiOH bonds or the ratio of SiOH bonds/SiO bonds contained in the silicon-compound-coated fine metal particles. By controlling the ratio of SiOH bonds or the ratio of SiOH bonds/SiO bonds, a composition that is more appropriate for diversifying applications and targeted properties of silicon-compound-coated fine metal particles than was conventionally possible can be designed easily.