A seed layer for inducing nucleation to form a layer of material is described. In an embodiment, the seed layer comprising a layer of two-dimensional monolayer amorphous material having a disordered atomic structure adapted to create localised electronic states to form electric potential wells for bonding adatoms to a surface of the seed layer via van der Waals interaction to form the layer of material, wherein each of the electric potential wells has a potential energy larger in magnitude than surrounding thermal energy to capture adatoms on the surface of the seed layer. Embodiments in relation to a method for forming the seed layer, a heterostructure comprising the seed layer, a method for forming the heterostructure comprising the seed layer, a device comprising the heterostructure and a method of enhancing vdW interaction between adatoms and a surface of the seed layer are also described.

Particulate composite materials and devices comprising the same are provided.

Proposed are a layered Group III-V antimony compound, a Group III-V nanosheet that may be prepared using the same, and an electrical device including the materials. There is proposed a layered compound having a composition represented by [Formula 1] M.sub.x−mA.sub.ySb.sub.z (Where M is at least one of Group I elements, A is at least one of Group III elements, x, y, and z are positive numbers which are determined according to stoichiometric ratios to ensure charge balance when m is 0, and 0<m<x).

A lithium ion conductor includes a compound of Formula 1:

Li.sub.7−a*α−(b−4)*β−xM.sup.αLa.sub.3Zr.sub.2−βM.sup.b.sub.βO.sub.12−x−δX.sub.xN.sub.δ  Formula 1 wherein in Formula 1, M.sup.a is a cationic element having a valence of a, M.sup.b is a cationic element having a valence of b, and X is an anion having a valence of −1, wherein, when M.sup.a comprises H, 0≤α≤5, otherwise 0≤a≤0.75, and wherein 0≤β≤1.5, 0≤x≤1.5, (a*α+(b-4)β+x)>0, and 0<δ≤6.

The invention relates to a glass including, as represented by mol % based on elements: 8-25% of P; 8-40% of Sn; 20-80% of O; and 1-50% of F, in which the glass has a glass transition temperature Tg of 300° C. or lower, and the glass gives an infrared absorption spectrum satisfying A3240/A3100 of 0.6-1.2, where the A3100 is an absorbance per 1-mm thickness at a wavenumber of 3,100 cm.sup.−1 and the A3240 is an absorbance per 1-mm thickness at a wavenumber of 3,240 cm.sup.−1.

The amorphous inorganic anion exchanger of the present invention is represented by Formula (1) and has an average primary particle size observed with an electron microscope of at least 1 nm but no greater than 500 nm and an NO.sub.3 content of no greater than 1 wt % of the whole:
BiO(OH)  Formula (1).

The present invention provides stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) formulations, comprising ACC and a non-aqueous liquid carrier in which the ACC is dispersed. The present invention further provides cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions comprising ACC.

A lithium-ion rechargeable battery negative electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a lithium-ion rechargeable battery negative electrode plate, and a lithium-ion rechargeable battery are disclosed. The negative electrode active material includes a carbon core and a coating layer formed on a surface of the carbon core, a material of the coating layer includes amorphous carbon and a doping element, and the doping element includes element nitrogen. The lithium-ion rechargeable battery negative electrode active material has the carbon core, and the coating layer that includes the doping element and the amorphous carbon is provided on the surface of the carbon core.

A calcium ruthenate composition of matter includes a compound of calcium, ruthenium and oxygen with a chemical formula of Ca.sub.aRu.sub.bO.sub.c and with ‘a’ greater than or equal to 2.75 and less than or equal to 3.25, ‘b’ greater than or equal to 0.75 and less than or equal to 1.25, and ‘c’ greater than or equal to 5.75 and less than or equal to 6.25. The Ca.sub.aRu.sub.bO.sub.c is an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst, an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, and/or a catalyst for the hydrolysis of a hydrogen containing compound.

Particulate composite materials and devices comprising the same are provided.