A method of forming a graphene nanoribbon includes: 1) providing monomeric precursors each including an alkyne moiety and at least one aromatic moiety bonded to the alkyne moiety; 2) polymerizing the monomeric precursors to form a polymer; and 3) converting the polymer to a graphene nanoribbon.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for producing a carbon nanomaterial product (CNM) product that may comprise carbon nanotubes and various other allotropes of nanocarbon. The method and apparatus employ a consumable carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and a renewable carbonate electrolyte as reactants in an electrolysis reaction in order to make CNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, operational conditions of the electrolysis reaction may be varied in order to produce the CNM product with a greater incidence of a desired allotrope of nanocarbon or a desired combination of two or more allotropes.

Methods for synthesizing single crystalline Ni-rich cathode materials are disclosed. The Ni-rich cathode material may have a formula LiNi.sub.xMn.sub.yM.sub.zCol.sub.1-x-y-zO.sub.2, where M represents one or more dopant metals, x0.6, 0.01y<0.2, 0z0.05, and x+y+z1.0. The methods are cost-effective, and include methods for solid-state, molten-salt, and flash-sintering syntheses.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material includes mixing a positive electrode active material precursor with a lithium raw material and performing a primary heat treatment, and performing a secondary heat treatment at a temperature lower than that of the primary heat treatment to prepare a positive electrode active material. The primary heat treatment and the secondary heat treatment are respectively performed in an oxygen atmosphere. The secondary heat treatment is performed in the oxygen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 50% or more.

A positive electrode active material having a high charge-discharge capacity and high safety and a secondary battery including the positive electrode active material are provided. The positive electrode active material includes lithium, a transition metal M, an additive element, and oxygen. The powder volume resistivity of the positive electrode active material is higher than or equal to 1.010.sup.5 .Math.cm at a temperature of higher than or equal to 180 C. and lower than or equal to 200 C. and at a pressure of higher than or equal to 0.3 MPa and lower than or equal to 2 MPa. The median diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably greater than or equal to 3 m and less than or equal to 10 m.

A silicon carbide powder including carbon; silicon; and an oxide film having a thickness of 0.1 nm to 10 nm is provided.

Thermoelectric devices including Arsenic-Phos-phorous (As.sub.xP.sub.1-x) as a source of power, wherein x is a number ranging from 0.1 to 1, are provided. Methods of making crystalline Arsenic-Phosphorous (As.sub.xP.sub.1-x), wherein x ranges from 0.1 to 1, are also provided. The methods include annealing phosphorous and arsenic at a temperature and under conditions sufficient to produce crystalline formation.

A component for a plasma processing apparatus, and a plasma processing apparatus are highly resistant to plasma and are highly durable. The component includes a substrate containing a first element that is a metal element or a semimetal element, and a film located on the substrate and containing yttrium oxide as a main constituent. The film contains yttrium oxide crystal grains oriented with a deviation angle of ?10? from a {111} direction of a crystal lattice plane of yttrium oxide. The yttrium oxide crystal grains oriented with the deviation angle have an area ratio of 45% or greater.

An electrode active material for an electrochemical element of the present invention is a monoclinic niobium complex oxide, and Db/Da is 1.5 or more, where Da is a crystallite size in the a-axis direction, and Db is a crystallite size in the b-axis direction. An electrode material for an electrochemical element of the present invention contains the electrode active material for an electrochemical element of the present invention. An electrode for an electrochemical element of the present invention contains the electrode active material for an electrochemical element of the present invention or the electrode material for an electrochemical element of the present invention. In an electrochemical element of the present invention, either one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode is the electrode for an electrochemical element of the present invention. A movable body of the present invention includes the electrochemical element of the present invention.

Provided are a barium titanate powder having spherical shape fine particles which have an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) in a range of about 140-270 nm, a tetragonal structure having a markedly improved tetragonality (c/a) in a range of 1.007-1.01 in contrast to the conventional composition, and at the same time, a markedly improved crystallinity in a range of 93-96%, thereby showing improved dielectric properties, and a manufacturing method thereof.