A method for producing a carbon nanomaterial (CNM) product includes: heating an electrolyte media to obtain a molten electrolyte media; positioning the molten electrolyte media between a high-nickel content anode and a cathode of an electrolytic cell; introducing a source of carbon into the electrolytic cell; applying an electric current to the cathode and the anode in the electrolytic cell; and collecting the CNM product from the cathode, in which the CNM product comprises a minimal relative-amount of at least 70 wt %, as compared to a total weight of the CNM product, of hollow nano-onion product, in which the high-nickel content anode is made of pure nickel or an alloy that comprises greater than 50 wt % nickel.

A method for forming a diamond product. Diamond material is provided and a damage layer comprising sp.sup.2 bonded carbon is formed in the material. The presence of the damage layer defines a first diamond layer above and in contact with the damage layer and a second diamond layer below and in contact with the damage layer. The damage layer is electrochemically etched to separate it from the first layer, wherein the electrochemical etching is performed in a solution containing ions, the solution having an electrical conductivity of at least 500 S cm.sup.1, and wherein the ions are capable of forming radicals during electrolysis. The diamond product is also described.

To provide low CTE and low puffing needle coke more stably while dealing with changes in the properties of a feedstock. The low CTE and low puffing needle coke is obtained by mixing and coking a needle coke main feedstock of a coal tar-based heavy oil or petroleum-based heavy oil having a weak hydrogen donating property with a PDQI value expressed by equation (1) of less than 5.0, with a secondary feedstock having a strong hydrogen donating property with a PDQI value expressed by equation (1) of 5.0 or more, and calcining the obtained raw coke. [Equation (1)] PDQI=H %10(HN/H), wherein H % is a hydrogen amount (% by weight) obtained by elemental analysis, and HN/H is a ratio of naphthenic hydrogen to total hydrogen measured by .sup.1H-NMR.

A method for manufacturing a functional conductive material according to the present invention includes: preparing g a conductive material; reducing the conductive material; and oxidizing the reduced conductive material, in which the conductive material is sequentially reduced and oxidized so that an oxygen functional group is formed on a surface of the conductive material.

A single-particle positive electrode active material capable of providing a battery having improved initial resistance and lifespan is provided. A single-particle positive electrode active material has a (cos ).sup.2 value of 0.5 or greater wherein represents an angle between a long axis of a crystal grain obtained through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and a lithium migration path. A method for preparing the single-particle positive electrode active material and a positive electrode including the same are also provided.

A method for producing a carbon nanomaterial (CNM) product comprises: heating an electrolyte media to obtain a molten electrolyte media; positioning the molten electrolyte media between an anode and a cathode of an electrolytic cell, in which the anode comprises a noble metal and the cathode comprises copper and nickel; introducing a source of carbon into the electrolytic cell; introducing a nickel-containing additive into the electrolyte media before the step of heating or introducing the nickel-containing additive into the molten electrolyte media, in which the iron-free additive is added in an amount of between 0.05 wt % and 2 wt %, relative to the amount of the electrolyte media or the molten electrolyte media; applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the electrolytic cell; and collecting the CNM product from the cathode.

A method for producing a carbon nanomaterial product comprising: heating an electrolyte media to obtain a molten electrolyte media; positioning the molten electrolyte media between an anode and a cathode of an electrolytic cell; introducing a source of carbon into the electrolytic cell; introducing an iron-free, nickel-free, chromium-containing additive into the electrolyte media before the step of heating or introducing the iron-free, nickel-free chromium-containing additive into the molten electrolyte media, in which the iron-free, nickel-free, chromium-containing additive is added in an amount of between 0.05 wt % and 2 wt %, relative to the amount of the electrolyte media or the molten electrolyte media; applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the electrolytic cell; and collecting the CNM product from the cathode, the CNM product comprises a minimum relative-amount of between 50 wt % and 99 wt %, relative to a total weight of the CNM product of nano-carbon flowers.

The present disclosure relates to the synthesis of a cathode active material including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, wherein the cathode active material has lithium-concentration gradient particles according to the control of the flow rate of air gas instead of high-concentration oxygen gas, the synthesis temperature and the control of lithium content. By using an excess amount of lithium and a low oxygen partial pressure at a low synthesis temperature, secondary particles having a lithium concentration gradient form, in which the overall structure is stoichiometric but Li is gradually contained in excess from the core to the surface are formed, thereby exhibiting a high capacity while suppressing deterioration due to the lithium-excess Ni-rich layered cathode active material in the shell part to show stable electrochemical performance.

A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode and a second electrode and a piezoelectric layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, the piezoelectric layer including a plurality of layers containing a composite oxide having a perovskite structure containing potassium, sodium, and niobium; wherein among the plurality of layers including the composite oxide, a first layer closest to the first electrode is preferred orientation in a first orientation, which is a {100} plane orientation in a film thickness direction, among the plurality of layers including the composite oxide, a second layer closest to the second electrode is, in an in-plane direction intersecting the film thickness direction, a mix of the first orientation and a second orientation, which is a {110} plane orientation, and is not preferred orientation in either the first orientation or the second orientation.

Techniques for processing lithium-ion cathode active materials, such as cathode active materials comprising lithium-based materials, such as lithium metal oxide materials (e.g., lithium transition metal oxide materials) are provided. The techniques process the lithium-ion cathode active materials after an initial preparation step to remove residual lithium species, such as lithium hydroxide and/or lithium carbonate, present in the lithium-ion cathode active materials. Cathode materials comprising low residual lithium species are also described, as well as cathodes and batteries comprising such cathode materials.