A one-pot approach for the scalable production of novel interconnected reduced graphene oxide (IC-RGO) is demonstrated). The method consists of two steps: oxidation of graphite into graphene oxide (GO); and concomitant reduction and interconnection of GO. IC-RGO is formed without additional chemical and reduction agents. Instead, interconnection of graphene oxide is enabled thorough inherently presenting oxygen functional groups produced during the first step of synthesis.

This disclosure provides a composition of matter nucleated from a homogenous nucleation to form a self-assembled binder-less mesoporous carbon-based particle. In some implementations, the composition includes: a plurality of electrically conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets and sintered together to define a 3D hierarchical open porous structure comprising mesoscale structuring with micron-scale fractal structuring and configured to provide an electrical conduction between contact points of the graphene sheets. A porous arrangement is formed in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure and is arranged to contain a liquid electrolyte configured to provide ion transport through a plurality of interconnected porous channels in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure. A respective porous channel of the plurality of porous channels includes: a first portion configured to provide tunable ion conduits; a second portion configured to facilitate rapid ion transport; and, a third portion configured to at least partially confine active material.

Presently disclosed is a multi-layered carbon-based scaffolded structure having a conductive substrate. A first film is deposited on the conductive substrate and includes: a first concentration of three-dimensional (3D) carbon-based particles comprising: a plurality of conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets that are sintered together to define a 3D hierarchical open porous structure with mesoscale structuring in combination with micron-scale fractal structuring that is also configured to provide conduction between contact points of the graphene sheets. A porous arrangement is formed in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure and contains a liquid electrolyte configured to provide ion transport through a plurality of interconnected porous channels. The first film is configured to provide a first conductivity. A second film is deposited on the first film and comprising a second concentration of 3D carbon-based particles. The second film configured to provide a second conductivity lower than the first conductivity.

Methods include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor, functionalizing the plurality of carbon particles in-situ in the plasma reactor to promote adhesion to a binder, and combining the plurality of carbon particles with the binder to form a composite material. The plurality of carbon particles comprises 3D graphene, where the 3D graphene comprises a pore matrix and graphene nanoplatelet sub-particles in the form of at least one of: single layer graphene, few layer graphene, or many layer graphene. Methods also include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor; functionalizing, in the plasma reactor, the plurality of carbon particles to promote chemical bonding with a resin; and combining, within the plasma reactor, the functionalized plurality of carbon particles with the resin to form a composite material.

The present invention aims to provide techniques for preparing complexes of magnesium carbonate particles and a fiber. The complexes of magnesium carbonate microparticles and a fiber can be synthesized efficiently by synthesizing the magnesium carbonate in a solution containing the fiber.

A basic magnesium sulfate powder according to the present invention has a surface at least partially coated with an inorganic phosphorus compound. The basic magnesium sulfate powder preferably has a phosphorus content of from 0.001 to 5.0 mass %.

Nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide having a dumbbell shape, wherein the dumbbell shape has rounded ends separated by a narrow central portion, wherein a ratio of a largest width of the central portion to a largest width of the rounded ends is 0.30 to 0.75, a length is in the range of 500 nm to 1100 nm, the largest width of the narrow central portion is 100 to 250 nm, and the largest width of the narrow central portion is 100 to 250 nm. The nanoparticles have a mesoporous structure and are made up of subparticles that have a size of 5 to 75 nm. A method of making the nanoparticles from calcined calcium carbonate sources is disclosed. Also disclosed is an enhanced fuel containing the nanoparticles.

It relates to tantalum oxide particles containing molybdenum. The tantalum oxide particles preferably have a polyhedral shape, and the crystallite size of the tantalum oxide particles at 2=22.8 is preferably 160 nm or more. It also relates to a method for producing the tantalum oxide particles, the method including firing a tantalum compound in the presence of a molybdenum compound.

Provided is ITO particles satisfying a relationship expressed in Expression (1) given below. 16S/P.sup.20.330 . . . (1) (In the expression, S indicates a particle area in a TEM photographed image, and P indicates a perimeter of the particle.)

A method of producing a carbon core-graphene shell material is disclosed. The method can include obtaining a dispersion comprising a grafted graphene oxide material and a polymerizable carbon material dispersed in a liquid medium, polymerizing the polymerizable carbon material in the dispersion to obtain a grafted graphene oxide coated polymerized carbon material dispersed in the liquid medium, evaporating the liquid medium from the dispersion, and heating the grafted graphene oxide coated polymerized carbon material to obtain the carbon core-graphene shell material.