A low carbon footprint material is used to decrease the carbon dioxide emission for production of a high carbon footprint substance. A method of forming composite materials comprises providing a first high carbon footprint substance; providing a carbon nanomaterial produced with a carbon-footprint of less than 10 unit weight of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emission during production of 1 unit weight of the carbon nanomaterial; and forming a composite comprising the high carbon footprint substance and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of the carbon nanomaterial, wherein the carbon nanomaterial is homogeneously dispersed in the composite to reduce the carbon dioxide emission for producing the composite material relative to the high carbon footprint substance.

Provided is a white pigment for cosmetics capable of giving a cosmetic that gives a coating film having less stickiness and higher long-lasting properties. A white pigment for cosmetics of the present invention includes a titanium phosphate powder, the titanium phosphate powder includes crystal particles of titanium phosphate, and a ratio (oil absorption value/specific surface area) of an oil absorption value (ml/100 g) to a specific surface area (m.sup.2/g) of the crystal particles is 2.0 or more.

A resin coated inorganic or metallic pigment includes inorganic or metallic particles (A) and an acrylic copolymer (B) formed on the inorganic or metallic particles (A) by subjecting a radically polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid or radically polymerizable phosphate monomer (B1) and a monomer (B2) containing 3 to 6 (meth)acryloyloxy groups per molecule to radical polymerization reaction using a polymerization initiator (C) containing a nitrile group, wherein the inorganic or metallic particles (A) are coated with a coating resin including the acrylic copolymer (B), and the acrylic copolymer (B) has at a tail thereof a structure which is derived from the polymerization initiator (C) and which is represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a methyl group, and R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or the like.

A blended composition containing uncoated Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes having a thickness of ≥500 nm and a D.sub.50-value of 15-30 μm and a D.sub.90-value of 30-45 μm, and/or coated Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes having a thickness of ≥500 nm and a D.sub.50-value of 15-30 μm and a D.sub.90-value of 30-45 μm, which have been coated with at least one layer of a metal oxide, mixtures of at least two metal oxides, metal, metal sulphide, titanium suboxide, titanium oxynitride, FeO(OH), metal alloys and/or rare earth compounds, and their use in various formulations.

This invention provides a material that is capable of preparing an external composition that achieves high smoothness and low roughness and that reflects near-infrared rays. Specifically, a granular composite comprising keratin and hexagonal plate-shaped zinc oxide particles is provided.

The invention relates to a lithium positive electrode active material for a high voltage secondary battery: the lithium positive electrode active material comprising at least 94 wt % spinel, where the spinel has a net chemical composition of Li.sub.xNi.sub.yMn.sub.2-yO.sub.4, wherein:

0.95≤x≤1.05;

0.43≤y≤0.47.

The lithium positive electrode active material is made up of particles characterized by one or more of the following parameter ranges: the particles have average aspect ratio below 1.6, the particles have a roughness below 1.35, particles have a circularity above 0.55. Then invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the lithium positive electrode active material as well as a secondary battery comprising the lithium positive electrode active material.

The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery which includes a lithium composite transition metal oxide including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), wherein a portion of nickel (Ni) sites of the lithium composite transition metal oxide is substituted with tungsten (W), and an amount of a lithium tungsten oxide remaining on surfaces of lithium composite transition metal oxide particles is 1,000 ppm or less.

According to one embodiment, a tungsten oxide powder is provided. The tungsten oxide has an average particle size along a major axis of 10 μm or less, an average aspect ratio of 10 or less, and 0 to 4 crystal defects per unit area of 9 nm.sup.2 on a surface or sectional surface in a direction of a minor axis of a primary particle.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material precursor includes: providing a transition metal-containing solution including nickel, cobalt, and manganese; and introducing the transition metal-containing solution into a reactor, adding a basic aqueous solution and an ammonium cation-containing complex-forming agent, and performing a co-precipitation reaction to prepare a transition metal hydroxide in the form of a secondary particle formed by agglomerating primary particles. The co-precipitation reaction is performed under conditions satisfying Expression 1 described in the specification, and a positive electrode active material precursor whose crystalline grain has a controlled aspect ratio. A positive electrode active material prepared using the positive electrode active material precursor, a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery, which includes the positive electrode active material, and a lithium secondary battery are also provided.

The present invention relates to semitransparent pearlescent pigments, to processes for producing them, and to the use of such pearlescent pigments, where the pearlescent pigments comprise monolithically constructed substrate platelets composed of a metal oxide having an average thickness of 1 to 40 nm and a form factor, expressed by the ratio of the mean size to the average thickness, of at least 80, which are enveloped by at least one substantially transparent coating A composed of at least one low-index metal oxide and/or metal oxide hydrate, having a refractive index of less than 1.8, and at least one interference layer in the form of a coating B composed of at least one high-index metal oxide, having a refractive index of at least 1.8.