Focusing on zinc oxide itself, which is a main raw material for a zinc oxide varistor (laminated varistor), a predetermined amount of additive is added to a zinc oxide powder having crystallite size of 20 to 100 nm, particle diameter of 20 to 110 nm found using a specific area BET method, untamped density of 0.60 g/cm.sup.3 or greater, and tap density of 0.80 g/cm.sup.3 or greater. This allows a zinc oxide sintered body to secure uniformity, high density, and high electric conductivity, resulting in a zinc oxide varistor with high surge resistance, capable of downsizing and cost reduction. Moreover, addition of aluminum (Al), as a donor element, to the zinc oxide powder allows control of sintered grain size in conformity with the aluminum added amount and baking temperature, and also allows adjustment of varistor voltage, etc.

Nanoporous carbon-based scaffolds or structures, and specifically carbon aerogels and their manufacture and use thereof. Embodiments include a sulfur-doped cathode material within a lithium-sulfur battery, where the cathode is collector-less and is formed of a binder-free, monolithic, polyimide-derived carbon aerogel. The carbon aerogel includes pores that surround elemental sulfur and accommodate expansion of the sulfur during conversion to lithium sulfide. The cathode and underlying carbon aerogel provide optimal properties for use within the lithium-sulfur battery.

This application discloses a positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, battery pack and apparatus related thereto. The positive electrode active material includes secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, where the primary particles are a lithium transition metal oxide, and a transition metal site of the lithium transition metal oxide includes nickel and a doping element; and a Young's modulus E of the primary particles satisfies 175 GPa≤E≤220 GPa.

A positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, a battery pack, and apparatus containing the lithium-ion secondary battery are provided. The positive electrode active material includes secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, where the primary particles include a layered nickel-containing lithium composite oxide, and the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide includes a doping element; and when the positive electrode active material is charged from an 11% delithiated state to a 78% delithiated state at a rate of 0.1C, a lattice of the primary particles has a maximum shrinkage rate satisfying Δa.sub.max≤3.00% in an a-axis direction, and a maximum swelling rate satisfying Δc.sub.max≤3.02% in a c-axis direction.

A positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, battery pack, and apparatus containing such lithium-ion secondary battery are provided. The positive electrode active material includes matrix particles and a coating layer covering an exterior surface of the matrix particle, where the matrix particle includes a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, and the coating layer includes an oxide of element M.sup.1; the matrix particle is doped with element M.sup.2 and element M.sup.3, element M.sup.2 in the matrix particle is uniformly distributed, and element M.sup.3 in the matrix particle has a decreasing concentration from the exterior surface to a core of the matrix particle; and element M.sup.1 and element M.sup.3 are each independently selected from one or more of Mg, Al, Ca, Ba, Ti, Zr, Zn, and B, and element M.sup.2 includes one or more of Si, Ti, Cr, Mo, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Rh, Pd, Sb, Te, Ce, and W.

The present application discloses a positive electrode active material including a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, the molar content of nickel in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide accounts for 60%-90% of the total molar content of nickel, cobalt and manganese, and the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide has a layered crystal structure of a space group R3m; a transition metal layer of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide includes a doping element, and the local mass concentration of the doping element in particles of the positive electrode active material has a relative deviation of 20% or less; and in a differential scanning calorimetry spectrum of the positive electrode active material in a 78% delithiation state, an initial exothermic temperature of a main exothermic peak is 200° C. or more, and an integral area of the main exothermic peak is 100 J/g or less.

Known processes for preparing a porous carbonaceous material require lengthy polymerization and washing steps involving solvents or neutralizing agents. The use of high quantities of pore formers leads to a lower carbon yield and higher costs, and use of sulphuric acid leads to sulphur contamination of the final material, but also to corrosion and corrosive by-products and a more complicated handling of the process. In order allows the manufacturing of a porous carbonaceous material with a high pore volume and avoiding the disadvantages of the known methods, a process is provide that comprise the steps of a) providing at least one carbon source and at least one amphiphilic species, b) combining at least the carbon source and the amphiphilic species to obtain a precursor material, c) heating the precursor material to a temperature in the range between 300° C. and 600° C. for at least 15 min so as to obtain a porous carbonaceous material, which is then cooled so as to form the porous carbonaceous material having a modal pore size and a pore volume and a skeleton density.

An inorganic porous carrier that can be used to increase the purity of nucleic acid in a production thereof, and that comprises a linker of formula (1), wherein a Survival Bone Rate (SBR) value is 5.0% or more. In the formula (1), a bond * represents a linkage of an inorganic porous substance to the oxygen atom of a silanol group; n is an integer of 1 etc.; R represents independently of each other an alkyl group containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent such as an alkoxy group etc.; and L represents a single bond; an alkylene group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms; or an alkylene group containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms which contains —CH.sub.2-Q-CH.sub.2— group wherein any group Q selected from a group consisting of —O— etc. is inserted into at least one of —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2— group constituting the alkylene group.

##STR00001##

An atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for formation of silicon oxide at a temperature greater than 500° C. is performed using at least one organoaminodisilazane precursor having the following Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl group with a proviso that R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 cannot be both hydrogen; R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl group; and either R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are linked to form a cyclic ring structure or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are not linked to form a cyclic ring structure.

A positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, battery pack, and apparatus containing such lithium-ion secondary battery are disclosed. The positive electrode active material includes a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide. In the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, the number of moles of nickel accounts for 50% to 95% of the total number of moles of nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide has a layered crystal structure with a space group R3m. The lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide includes a doping element. When the positive electrode active material is in a 78% delithiated state, the doping element has two or more different valence states, and the amount of doping element in a highest valence state accounts for 40% to 90% of the total amount of doping element.