A method is provided for producing an article which is transparent to near-wave IR, mid-wave and Long-wave multi-spectral and IR wavelength in the region of 0.4 pm to 16 μm. The method includes the steps of (a) Producing ultra-fine powder of CaLa.sub.2S.sub.4 via SPLTS process, (b) followed by pretreatment of the ultra-fine powder under inert and reducing gas conditions including H.sub.2 or Argon or N.sub.2 or H.sub.2/H.sub.2S, H.sub.2S, and mixtures there of (c) followed by sieving the powder in 140 mesh screen and cold pressing the powder at 7000 psi for 7 min. into a disk shaped green body (d) then Cold-Isostatic Pressing (CIP) at 40,000 psi for 5 min in a rubber mold (e) finally sintered article of CaLa.sub.2S.sub.4 disk of 25.4 mm diameter with ultra-high density containing cubic phase of CaLa.sub.2S.sub.4 to yield IR transmission of a peak value of 57% within the IR wavelength range of 2 μm to 16 μm, either by using microwave sintering followed by hot isostatic press or spark plasma sintering followed by hot isostatic press or vacuum sintering at (3×10.sup.−6 torr) followed by hot isostatic press or hot press sintering followed by hot isostatic press and finally followed by mirror polished IR article, is obtained.

A porous amorphous silicon which enables improvement in battery performances such as charge/discharge efficiency and battery capacity when used as the anode material; a method for producing a porous amorphous silicon, capable of producing a porous amorphous silicon composed entirely of amorphous silicon at relatively low cost in a short time; and a secondary battery using the porous amorphous silicon as the anode material. A molten metal containing metal and silicon is cooled at a cooling rate of 10.sup.6 K/sec or more to form an eutectic alloy including the metal and the silicon, and then the metal is selectively eluted from the eutectic alloy with an acid or an alkali to obtain a porous amorphous silicon. The porous amorphous silicon has a lamellar or columnar structure having a mean lamellar diameter or a mean column diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm.

A measurement tool having a tip part consisting of polycrystalline diamond, in which the polycrystalline diamond contains at least one of dispersed nitrogen, boron, and phosphorus, the tool includes a shank part, and the tip part is provided at an end portion of the shank part.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor heat treatment member for holding a semiconductor wafer, including a base member a surface of which is covered with an oxide film, the base member including a silicon carbide, in which a surface of a wafer holding portion to be in contact with a semiconductor wafer has an arithmetic average roughness Ra of smaller than or equal to 0.3 μm and an element average length RSm of shorter than or equal to 40 μm.

Provided are core/shell type semiconductor nanoparticles including: a core including In and P; and a shell having one or more layers. The semiconductor nanoparticles further include at least Zn, Se, and at least one halogen. In the semiconductor nanoparticles, molar ratios of P, Zn, Se, and halogen each relative to In in terms of atoms are P: 0.20˜0.95, Zn: 11.00˜50.00, Se: 7.00˜25.00, and halogen: 0.80˜15.00. According to the present invention, core/shell type semiconductor nanoparticles that include the core including In and P and the shell including Zn and Se as main components, and have high quantum yield, a small full width at half maximum, and small Stokes shift can be provided.

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosure, in one aspect, relates to compound Bi-poor perovskite crystals, methods for making the same, and ionizing and other electromagnetic radiation detectors constructed using the Bi-poor perovskite crystals. The Bi-poor perovskite crystals can be synthesized using melt-based growth methods and solution-based growth methods and contain no toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, thallium, or mercury. Devices fabricated from the crystals maintain acceptable levels of performance over time. In some aspects, post-growth annealing can be used to improve the properties, including, but not limited to, room temperature resistivity and response to radiation.

Electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are provided that include hexagonal tungsten bronze having oxygen deficiency, wherein the tungsten bronze is expressed by a general formula: M.sub.xWO.sub.3-y(where one or more elements M include at least one or more species selected from among K, Rb, and Cs, 0.15≤x≤0.33, and 0<y≤0.46), and wherein oxygen vacancy concentration N.sub.v in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is greater than or equal to 3×10.sup.14 cm.sup.−3 and less than or equal to 8.0×10.sup.21 cm.sup.−3.

A silica-titania composite oxide powder of the present invention has an average particle diameter D (μm) of 0.1 μm or more to 3.0 μm or less, an average refractive index of 1.47 or more at a measurement wavelength of 589 nm, and a minimum absorbance S measured from a dispersion of 30 mass % of silica-titania composite oxide particles in a liquid having the same refractive index as the average refractive index, the minimum absorbance S satisfying the relationship “S<0.026−0.008×D.”

The present invention is to provide a heteroatom-doped nanodiamond, the heteroatom-doped nanodiamond being doped with at least one heteroatom, the heteroatom-doped nanodiamond satisfying criteria (i) and/or (ii) below: (i) a BET specific surface area being from 20 to 900 m.sup.2/g, and (ii) an average size of primary particles being from 2 to 70 nm.

A positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, a battery pack, and apparatus containing the lithium-ion secondary battery are provided. The positive electrode active material includes secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, where the primary particles include a layered nickel-containing lithium composite oxide, and the nickel-containing lithium composite oxide includes a doping element; and when the positive electrode active material is charged from an 11% delithiated state to a 78% delithiated state at a rate of 0.1C, a lattice of the primary particles has a maximum shrinkage rate satisfying Δa.sub.max≤3.00% in an a-axis direction, and a maximum swelling rate satisfying Δc.sub.max≤3.02% in a c-axis direction.