An object of the present invention is to provide a method for comparatively simply selecting polycrystalline silicon suitably used for stably producing single crystal silicon in high yield. According to the present invention, polycrystalline silicon having a maximum surface roughness (Peak-to-Valley) value Rpv of 5000 nm or less, an arithmetic average roughness value Ra of 600 nm or less and a root mean square roughness value Rq of 600 nm or less, the surface roughness values being measured by observing with an atomic force microscope (AFM) the surface of a collected plate-shaped sample, is selected as a raw material for producing single crystal silicon.

A composition for synthetic turf infill that allows a surface of the synthetic infill to remain cool when compared to a comparative synthetic turf having an infill comprising crumbed rubber. The composition comprises a polyvinyl chloride, a plasticizer, a reflective pigment, a blowing agent, and a filler having a specific gravity greater than 2.

A method for manufacturing a silicon material can include comminuting a silicon material. A silicon material can include silicon nanoparticles formed by comminuting silicon particles, where the silicon nanoparticles can cooperatively form pores.

Silica particles have silica base particles, a structure that covers at least a part of a surface of the silica base particles and is configured with a reaction product of a trifunctional silane coupling agent, and a nitrogen element-containing compound, in which a content of the nitrogen element-containing compound with respect to the silica particles is 0.005% by mass or more and 0.50% by mass or less in terms of N atoms, and the silica particles have a degree of hydrophobicity of 10% or more and 60% or less and a volume resistivity of 1×10.sup.8Ω.Math.cm or more and 1×10.sup.12.5 Ω.Math.cm or less.

A slurry of the graphene oxides comprises the graphene oxides and a solvent. The graphene oxides include a strong graphene oxide and a weak graphene oxide. The slurry can be used to make composite films of graphene oxides and graphene heat-conducting films. The slurry includes two graphene oxides with different degrees of oxidation, which can increase a carbon content in the graphene oxide per unit mass, so that the finally obtained graphene heat-conducting film has more carbon.

A method of producing a boron nitride polycrystal includes: a first step of obtaining a thermally treated powder by thermally treating a powder of a high pressure phase boron nitride at more than or equal to 1300° C.; and a second step of obtaining a boron nitride polycrystal by sintering the thermally treated powder under a condition of 8 to 20 GPa and 1200 to 2300° C.

The present disclosure provides, for example, systems and methods for generating carbon particles. Carbon particles may have a total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of less than or equal to about 0.5 parts per million, a content of benzo[a]pyrene of less than or equal to about 5 parts per billion, and a water spreading pressure that is less than about 5 mJ/m.sup.2. A carbon particle among the carbon particles may comprise less than about 0.3% sulfur by weight or less than or equal to about 0.03% ash by weight.

To provide low CTE and low puffing needle coke more stably while dealing with changes in the properties of a feedstock. The low CTE and low puffing needle coke is obtained by mixing and coking a needle coke main feedstock of a coal tar-based heavy oil or petroleum-based heavy oil having a weak hydrogen donating property with a PDQI value expressed by equation (1) of less than 5.0, with a secondary feedstock having a strong hydrogen donating property with a PDQI value expressed by equation (1) of 5.0 or more, and calcining the obtained raw coke. [Equation (1)] PDQI=H %×10×(HNβ/H), wherein H % is a hydrogen amount (% by weight) obtained by elemental analysis, and HNβ/H is a ratio of β naphthenic hydrogen to total hydrogen measured by .sup.1H-NMR.

A graphite material has a flexible part and can be utilized as a heat-conveying material in a narrow space. The graphite material, includes: at least one heat-conveying part; and a flexible part. A method for producing a graphite material, includes: (i) subjecting at least one film serving as a material to a heat treatment to obtain at least one carbonaceous film; (ii) providing a monolayer or multilayer structure including the at least one carbonaceous film; and (iii) applying heat and pressure to at least one part of the monolayer or multilayer structure in an inert atmosphere.

This invention provides solid substrates for mitigating or preventing cell or tissue adherence and/or vascularization, which solid substrates comprise a marine organism skeletal derivative and are characterized by a specific fluid uptake capacity value of less than 40%, processes for selection of the same and applications of the same. This invention also provides solid substrates for mitigating or preventing cell or tissue adherence and/or vascularization, which solid substrates are characterized by having a contact angle value of more than 60 degrees, when in contact with a fluid. This invention also provides solid substrates for mitigating or preventing cell or tissue adherence and/or vascularization, which solid substrate is characterized by a minimal surface roughness (Ra) or substantial surface smoothness, as measured by scanning electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy. The invention also provides processes for selection of an optimized coral-based solid substrate.