To provide a sludge treatment method and a sludge treatment system suppressing the fuel costs which can be utilized in the existing treatment facilities that drying and discharging after dehydrating a sludge as a useful improvement for the facility. This invention provides the solution means including a dehydration step of obtaining a dehydrated sludge, a liquefaction step of obtaining a slurry-like sludge, a branching step of branching a digested sludge, a vacuum deaeration step of deaerating a first digested sludge, a reprocessing step of ejecting a high-temperature steam and returning a concentrated digested sludge, a dehydration separation treatment step of separating a second digested sludge, a step of deaerating a digested sludge, a branching step of branching the mixed phase fluid, a step of returning a first mixed phase fluid, and a step of returning a second mixed phase fluid.

A novel cell for generating ozonated water, the cell comprises a nafion membrane separating a diamond coated anode, and a gold surfaced cathode enclosed within a cell housing with the catalyst side of the nafion membrane facing the cathode. The cell housing has a cathode housing portion and an anode housing portion separated by the membrane, each housing portion having ridges to enhance substantially even flow of fluid over the cathode and anode. The housing portions contain O-rings in grooves to prevent leaks, and alignment features to keep the electrodes aligned. The cathode and anode have an array of holes allowing fluid to penetrate to the surface of the niobium membrane. Input ports allow fluid to flow into the housing and over the anode and cathode and then out of the housing through outlet ports. The housing may also incorporate an integrated spectral photometer including a bubble trap.

A novel cell for generating ozonated water, the cell comprises a nafion membrane separating a diamond coated anode, and a gold surfaced cathode enclosed within a cell housing with the catalyst side of the nafion membrane facing the cathode. The cell housing has a cathode housing portion and an anode housing portion separated by the membrane, each housing portion having ridges to enhance substantially even flow of fluid over the cathode and anode. The housing portions contain O-rings in grooves to prevent leaks, and alignment features to keep the electrodes aligned. The cathode and anode have an array of holes allowing fluid to penetrate to the surface of the niobium membrane. Input ports allow fluid to flow into the housing and over the anode and cathode and then out of the housing through outlet ports. The housing may also incorporate an integrated spectral photometer including a bubble trap.

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for producing ultrapure water of extremely high purity that sufficiently meets the requirement for its quality at low production cost with reduced footprint. The apparatus for producing ultrapure water includes a pretreatment system, a primary water purification system, and a subsystem, wherein the primary water purification system includes a high-pressure reverse osmotic membrane separation unit, a degassing unit, an ultraviolet oxidation unit, and an ion-exchange unit in this order.

A method of treating an aqueous solution comprises forming a treatment stream comprising a condensable material. The treatment stream is introduced to an aqueous solution comprising water and a solute to fractionally precipitate the solute out of the aqueous solution and form a solids stream comprising the solute and an aqueous liquid stream comprising at least one solute-depleted solution of the water and the condensable material. The condensable material of at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream is separated from the water of the at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream to at least partially reform the treatment stream and form an aqueous liquid product stream depleted in the solute. Aqueous solution treatment systems and additional methods of treating an aqueous solution are also described.

A method of treating an aqueous solution comprises forming a treatment stream comprising a condensable material. The treatment stream is introduced to an aqueous solution comprising water and a solute to fractionally precipitate the solute out of the aqueous solution and form a solids stream comprising the solute and an aqueous liquid stream comprising at least one solute-depleted solution of the water and the condensable material. The condensable material of at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream is separated from the water of the at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream to at least partially reform the treatment stream and form an aqueous liquid product stream depleted in the solute. Aqueous solution treatment systems and additional methods of treating an aqueous solution are also described.

A process of producing hydrogen water includes the steps of: cooling water to a temperature where hydrogens atoms of the water molecule expand a space between the hydrogen atoms and contacting the cooled water with hydrogen gas wherein hydrogen atoms of the hydrogen gas are positioned in the space of the expanded hydrogen atoms of the water molecule and then heating the water trapping the hydrogen atoms of the hydrogen gas in the space wherein the hydrogen water has a hydrogen content of from 3 to 10 parts per million. The hydrogen water may be filled into pouches with hydrogen water in the pouch having a hydrogen content of from 1.7 to 4 parts per million.

Wastewater containing scale components, organic substances, inorganic ions, and the like, such as human effluent, generated in a closed system space, such as a nuclear shelter, a hazardous shelter, a space station or a moon-Mars mission manned spacecraft, or a lunar base is efficiently treated by a simple structural apparatus, so that water is recovered. After a hardness component is removed from water to be treated, such as human effluent, by a softening device, and heat exchange is performed between softening treated water and electrolysis treated water by a heat exchanger, by a high-temperature and high-pressure electrolysis device, organic substances, urea, ammonia, and the like are removed by electrolysis performed under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. After the electrolysis treated water is processed by a deaeration treatment using a deaeration membrane device, a desalting treatment is performed by acid/alkali manufacturing electrodialysis devices and provided in series at two stages.

A biological reactor system treats concentrated contaminated water with a combination of upflow and downflow bioreactors that are downstream from a reverse osmosis or other concentrator. The system may have a fail safe configuration where flush water may be introduced to the reactors in the event of a power failure or when taking the reactors offline. Many reverse osmosis systems introduce antiscalant treatments upstream so that the reverse osmosis filters do not scale. However, such treatments result in superconcentrated conditions of the antiscalants in the contaminated water processed by the bioreactors. A flushing system may deconcentrate the bioreactors to prevent the antiscalants from precipitating and fouling the bioreactors.

The invention relates to a method of circular use of waste brine produced in the manufacture process of MDI, comprising the following steps: (1) the waste brine produced in the manufacture process of MDI is subjected to a high-gravity extraction and then to a column extraction, wherein said waste brine contains aniline, diaminodiphenylmethane and polyamine; (2) the waste brine from step (1) is transmitted to a stripping tower for steam stripping; (3) the waste brine from the stripping tower of step (2) and a chemical oxidant are transmitted to an oxidation reactor to which air is blown for aeration; (4) the waste brine after the treatment of step (3) is transmitted to an absorption tower for absorption. The invention makes the salt water have TOC of less than 8 ppm and TN of less than 2.5 ppm and achieves regeneration of resources in the waste brine such as sodium chloride and water and the like for circular use.