Commercially beneficial carbon-containing fractions can be recovered from hydrothermal liquefaction reactions in various types of processors. Feedstock slurry from waste solids is placed into a pressurized processor where it is maintained at temperature and pressure for a predetermined period. On discharge from the processor the processed discharge is separated into liquid and solid fractions. Gaseous fractions including carbon dioxide can also be removed or off-taken from the processor. New molecular structures are created in this reaction, resulting in fractions including biogas, biofuels, biosolids and biocrude. Silica, phosphates, potash and low concentration nitrogen based fertilizer, along with carbonaceous material can also be recovered.

A gasification system according to an aspect includes a scrubber device to transfer contaminant contained in a flammable gas to cleaning water and discharge the cleaning water containing the contaminant as scrubber wastewater, a heat exchange device to heat the scrubber wastewater to vaporize the contaminant contained in the scrubber wastewater; and a combustion furnace to incinerate the vaporized contaminant, wherein the heat exchange device heats the scrubber wastewater by using heat generated by the combustion furnace.

The present disclosure discloses an NOI water bath apparatus, which includes an NOI generator, a GLM and a GLS, where the NOI generator includes an ionization module, and the ionization module is configured to ionize oxygen into NOIs; an air inlet end of the GLM is connected to an air outlet end of the NOI generator, the GLM includes a gas-liquid mixing module, and the gas-liquid mixing module is configured to dissolve the NOIs generated by the ionization module; a liquid inlet end of the GLS is connected to a liquid outlet end of the GLM, the GLS includes a first filtering module, and the first filtering module is configured to filter out exhaust gas in the gas-liquid mixing module.

The present disclosure discloses an NOI water bath apparatus, which includes an NOI generator, a GLM and a GLS, where the NOI generator includes an ionization module, and the ionization module is configured to ionize oxygen into NOIs; an air inlet end of the GLM is connected to an air outlet end of the NOI generator, the GLM includes a gas-liquid mixing module, and the gas-liquid mixing module is configured to dissolve the NOIs generated by the ionization module; a liquid inlet end of the GLS is connected to a liquid outlet end of the GLM, the GLS includes a first filtering module, and the first filtering module is configured to filter out exhaust gas in the gas-liquid mixing module.

A method for treating an aqueous fluid containing a biodegradable organic substance in an installation that includes an upflow bioreactor containing a sludge bed, wherein the sludge bed includes biomass, an external separator, and a conditioning tank. The method includes treating the fluid in the conditioning tank; feeding the treated fluid into a lower part of the bioreactor and forming biogas; withdrawing the fluid from an upper part of the bioreactor, which withdrawn fluid includes biomass; feeding the aqueous fluid withdrawn from the upper part of the bioreactor into the external separator, wherein the aqueous fluid that includes the biomass is separated into a liquid phase and a fluid phase enriched in biomass; returning the fluid phase enriched in biomass from the external separator to the bioreactor; and returning a part of the liquid phase to the conditioning tank.

A method for treating an aqueous fluid containing a biodegradable organic substance in an installation that includes an upflow bioreactor containing a sludge bed, wherein the sludge bed includes biomass, an external separator, and a conditioning tank. The method includes treating the fluid in the conditioning tank; feeding the treated fluid into a lower part of the bioreactor and forming biogas; withdrawing the fluid from an upper part of the bioreactor, which withdrawn fluid includes biomass; feeding the aqueous fluid withdrawn from the upper part of the bioreactor into the external separator, wherein the aqueous fluid that includes the biomass is separated into a liquid phase and a fluid phase enriched in biomass; returning the fluid phase enriched in biomass from the external separator to the bioreactor; and returning a part of the liquid phase to the conditioning tank.

A treatment process for remediating H.sub.2S and other contaminants in liquids includes: partially filling a closed vessel with a contaminated liquid containing ≥5 ppm H.sub.2S with a head space above the liquid within the vessel where gasses released from the liquid from the liquid collect; separately providing a treatment composition in the head space so that the gasses from the liquid may contact the treatment composition; and permitting the contact between the vapors from the liquid and the treatment composition to continue until a collective concentration of H.sub.2S in the liquid and in the head space is <5 ppm. The treatment composition includes an aqueous solution containing at least one hydroxide compound, a collective concentration of the at least one hydroxide compound in the aqueous solution is in a range of 35-55 weight %, and the aqueous solution constitutes at least 80 weight % of the treatment composition.

A system for separating solids from a fluid mixture includes a vessel including a first chamber to receive a solid-laden fluid mixture, and a second chamber to receive liquids separated from the solid-laden fluid mixture. In certain aspects, at least one eductor is disposed in the first chamber to flow the solid-laden fluid mixture out of the first chamber. In certain aspects, an auger is disposed in the first chamber to move at least solids of the solid-laden fluid mixture out of the first chamber.

Methods of treating a water sample containing both free fluoride and fluorinated organic compounds are described. The methods are effective at removing high amounts of the free fluoride while retaining high amounts of the fluorinated organic compounds. The methods include combining the water sample with a hexaalkyldisiloxane, a strong acid and a compatibilizing solvent; reacting the free fluoride with the disiloxane; and removing the fluorinated reaction product.

Systems and methods for intensive recirculating aquaculture are provided herein. An example system includes water sourced from a first segment of a saline aquifer, a recirculating aquaculture system receiving the sourced water and producing discharge water, and a water discharge point located within a second segment of the saline aquifer disposed below the first segment of the saline aquifer.