Water-based compositions suitable for the hydration of a mammal, and particularly hydration of a human by oral or topical methods, and for industrial uses such as cooling, and the making of solutions and mixtures. A method for producing a beverage, an industrial process water, an industrial solvent, or topical dermatological composition includes: providing a water source, the water molecules having oxygen or hydrogen atoms of different isotopes, (i) fractionating the water source to produce a fraction enriched in water molecules having an abundance of at least one of the oxygen or hydrogen isotopes being greater or less than the abundance found in the water source, or (ii) where the water source is already enriched in heavy water, fully or partially maintaining the level of enrichment.

Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for water treatment and/or desalination.

Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for water treatment and/or desalination.

In a method for treating waste water containing ammonium salts, sodium sulfate crystal is obtained by freezing crystallization, then the pH value of the waste water is adjusted to a specific range, and next sodium chloride crystal and ammonia water is obtained by evaporation. Alternatively, the pH value of the waste water is adjusted to a specific range, then sodium chloride crystal and ammonia water is obtained by evaporation, and next sodium sulfate crystal is obtained by freezing crystallization. This method can recover ammonia, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride from the waste water.

A system for flue-gas hydrate-based desalination using LNG cold energy belongs to the field of hydrate technology application. The CO.sub.2 in the flue-gas is captured based on the hydrate formation. Two stage formation chambers are set to improve the hydrate formation. The two steps to purify the hydrates respectively are the gas separation and the liquid separation. The two methods of hydrate dissociation to realize the recycling of the waste heat of flue-gas and the CO.sub.2 are the heat-exchanged and the exhausted. The present invention realizes the integrated CO.sub.2 capture and seawater desalination with a proper structure and a subtle system and solves the cold energy source for hydrate-based desalination by means of using LNG cold energy. The two stage formation chambers solve the capture of CO.sub.2 in the flue-gas and guarantee the hydrate formation amounts. The two types of dissociation chambers decrease the heat emission by using the waste heat of flue-gas and realize the recycling and storage of CO.sub.2. The system will not be affected by the changes of seasons and environments and has a strong carrying capacity for the flue-gas source change. It is a system with great application value realistic.

A system for flue-gas hydrate-based desalination using LNG cold energy belongs to the field of hydrate technology application. The CO.sub.2 in the flue-gas is captured based on the hydrate formation. Two stage formation chambers are set to improve the hydrate formation. The two steps to purify the hydrates respectively are the gas separation and the liquid separation. The two methods of hydrate dissociation to realize the recycling of the waste heat of flue-gas and the CO.sub.2 are the heat-exchanged and the exhausted. The present invention realizes the integrated CO.sub.2 capture and seawater desalination with a proper structure and a subtle system and solves the cold energy source for hydrate-based desalination by means of using LNG cold energy. The two stage formation chambers solve the capture of CO.sub.2 in the flue-gas and guarantee the hydrate formation amounts. The two types of dissociation chambers decrease the heat emission by using the waste heat of flue-gas and realize the recycling and storage of CO.sub.2. The system will not be affected by the changes of seasons and environments and has a strong carrying capacity for the flue-gas source change. It is a system with great application value realistic.

The embodied invention is a compact TPW cell design with an upper storage volume that is used to remove contaminants from the TPW cell water. To remove contaminates, the TPW cell is inverted and rotated so that the cell body water completely drains into the upper storage volume through a transfer tube. Then the TPW cell is then rotated to vertical and cooled which transfers the cell body water back into the TPW cell by a sub-boiling process. The water impurities remain in the upper storage volume and the cell body water has been purified of contaminates.

The present invention is a process, a method, and system for recovery and concentration of dissolved ammonium bicarbonate from a wastewater containing ammonia (NH3) using gas separation, condensation, and crystallization, each at controlled operating temperatures. The present invention includes 1) removal of ammonia from waste (sludges, semi-solids, and solids and liquids) without the use of chemicals at a temperature of at least 80 degrees Celsius, 2) condensing the gaseous containing ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor to remove water vapor concentrating the amount of gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide, 3) concentrating the ammonia and carbon dioxide in the water by established means, such as concentrating the gas using partial condensation followed by passing the concentrated gas through an absorption column at a temperature of between about 20 and 50 degrees Celsius to form dissolved ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, or total condensation followed by dewatering using reverse osmosis, and 4) crystallizing concentrated dissolved ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate at a temperature of less than about 35 degrees Celsius to form solid ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate.

The present invention relates to a method for zero-release treatment of brine waste water, comprising: (1) pretreatment; (2) reverse osmosis treatment; (3) advanced oxidation treatment; (4) biochemical treatment; (5) electrodialysis concentration; (6) circulating crystallization. Compared with the prior art, the method for zero-release treatment of brine waste water provided in the present invention realizes zero release or near zero release of waste water, improves salt recovery efficiency, can recover high-quality sodium sulfate, mirabilite and sodium chloride, and turns crystalline salts into a resource; the membrane treatment unit can operates stably in the process for a long operation period at a low cost, and the entire process has high economic efficiency.

The present invention relates to a method for zero-release treatment of brine waste water, comprising: (1) pretreatment; (2) reverse osmosis treatment; (3) advanced oxidation treatment; (4) biochemical treatment; (5) electrodialysis concentration; (6) circulating crystallization. Compared with the prior art, the method for zero-release treatment of brine waste water provided in the present invention realizes zero release or near zero release of waste water, improves salt recovery efficiency, can recover high-quality sodium sulfate, mirabilite and sodium chloride, and turns crystalline salts into a resource; the membrane treatment unit can operates stably in the process for a long operation period at a low cost, and the entire process has high economic efficiency.