A saline feed stream flows into a liquid-liquid extraction system; and a volatile organic solvent flows through a main compressor. The compressed volatile organic solvent then flows through a solvent regenerator, which can be a heat exchanger or a combination of a vaporization device and a condenser, to cool the volatile organic solvent. The cooled volatile organic solvent in liquid phase then flows into the liquid-liquid extraction system, where the saline feed stream contacts the volatile organic solvent to selectively extract water from the saline feed stream into the volatile organic solvent, producing a concentrated brine and an organic-rich mixture of water and the volatile organic solvent. The organic-rich mixture flows from the liquid-liquid extraction system into the solvent regenerator, where the organic-rich mixture is heated to produce an organic-rich vapor and desalinated water; and the organic-rich vapor is recycled as volatile organic solvent back into the liquid-liquid extraction system.

Process for producing a salt comprising NaCl and/or KCl from the aqueous effluents from one or more organic peroxide production processes, said process comprising the following steps (a) ensuring the pH of the aqueous effluents to be in the range from about 1-5, (b) separating the effluents in a liquid organic layer and an aqueous layer, (c) removing the organic layer, (d) raising the pH of the aqueous layer to a value in the range from about 6-14, and (e) crystallizing the salt from the aqueous layer having a pH in the range from about 6-14.

One or more methods are described for extracting boron. The one or more methods include combining a combination comprising an alcohol, an organic solvent and boron, with an aqueous solution comprising an alkali hydroxide so as to form an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The aqueous layer may be separated from the organic layer.

One or more methods are described for extracting boron. The one or more methods include combining a combination comprising an alcohol, an organic solvent and boron, with an aqueous solution comprising an alkali hydroxide so as to form an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The aqueous layer may be separated from the organic layer.

A method for desalinating a liquid, including: contacting, within a hydrate former reactor, a feed gas stream including iso-butane in an amount ranging from above zero mol % to about 3 mol % and liquid seawater or liquid wastewater including a dissolved salt, wherein a temperature and pressure within the hydrate former reactor is controlled so that the feed gas stream and the liquid seawater or liquid wastewater form a hydrate slurry; separating hydrate particles from the hydrate slurry; and decomposing the hydrate particles into its constituents of water and gas or gas mixture containing iso-butane, wherein the water has a concentration of the dissolved salt that is less than that of the liquid seawater or liquid wastewater.

A treatment process for preparing a remediated liquid from a contaminated liquid originally containing more than 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) and substantially without formation of precipitate, includes steps of steps of adding an aqueous solution containing at least one hydroxide compound at a collective concentration of 35-55 wt % to the contaminated liquid to achieve a concentration of 125-5000 ppm of the hydroxide compounds in the contaminated liquid, adding a fulvic acid and/or a humic acid to the contaminated liquid to achieve a concentration of 0.01-10 ppm of the acid(s) in the contaminated liquid, and dispersing the aqueous solution and the at least one organic acid in the contaminated liquid and allowing the aqueous solution and the at least one organic acid to react with the contaminated liquid for a period of time until a concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the contaminated liquid is reduced to ≤5 ppm.

A system, process and method for remediating contaminated soil and solvent recovery. A solvent mixture including a polar and a non-polar solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in mixing vessels, allowing the solvent mixture to extract contaminates from the soil. The solvent mixture is separated from the soil using bicanting units to form a solvent stream and a soil stream. The soil stream goes through air sparging in a dryer to remove residual solvent vapor. Water and/or micro-fines are extracted from the solvent stream using a centrifuge. The solvent stream undergoes distillation in a distillation unit to remove the containments from the solvent stream, while recovering separately the solvent mixture and a product. The recovered solvent mixture can be recycled back to the mixing vessels. The contaminates can be BTEX or F1-F4 hydrocarbons, and the product can be oil or other hydrocarbons. The system can be mobile.

A system, process and method for remediating contaminated soil and solvent recovery. A solvent mixture including a polar and a non-polar solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in mixing vessels, allowing the solvent mixture to extract contaminates from the soil. The solvent mixture is separated from the soil using bicanting units to form a solvent stream and a soil stream. The soil stream goes through air sparging in a dryer to remove residual solvent vapor. Water and/or micro-fines are extracted from the solvent stream using a centrifuge. The solvent stream undergoes distillation in a distillation unit to remove the containments from the solvent stream, while recovering separately the solvent mixture and a product. The recovered solvent mixture can be recycled back to the mixing vessels. The contaminates can be BTEX or F1-F4 hydrocarbons, and the product can be oil or other hydrocarbons. The system can be mobile.

Provided is a method for providing an integrated system for water treatment energized by sustainable hydrogen, including the steps of: generating electrical power from at least two renewable power producing systems, wherein the renewable power producing systems comprise at least a solar photovoltaic cell and a wind turbine; converting the electrical power with a controller in electrical communication with the two renewable power producing systems and a power bus to power an electrolyzer.

The present disclosure provides fluorinated crown ethers. The fluorinated crown ethers have one or more pendant fluorinated groups (e.g., thioether groups with a terminal fluorinated group). The fluorinated crown ethers have desirable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also provided are methods and systems for removal of lithium (e.g., lithium ions) from aqueous samples using the fluorinated crown ethers coupled with lipophilic cation exchangers.