The present disclosure describes methods and systems comprising hydrodynamic cavitation, microwave irradiation, and at least one of oxidative sonoelectrolysis and reductive sonoelectrolysis, providing feedstock purification of at least one of water, fluid and mineral. Contaminants, broken down and chemically degraded into smaller and more volatile substances by hydrodynamic cavitation are ultimately destroyed in the course of one or more sonoelectrolysis steps. In various embodiments, at least one of oxidative sonoelectrolysis and reductive sonoelectrolysis is irradiated with microwaves in order to heat the sonoplasma present within acoustic cavitation bubbles to temperatures sufficient to destroy contaminants therein.

Described herein are processes for increasing biogas yield and reducing volatile solids in biosolids sludge. The biosolids sludge is passed through a controlled flow, hydrodynamic cavitation apparatus and further subjected to anaerobic digestion. The biosolids sludge can be treated with hydrodynamic cavitation prior to or after the sludge is exposed to a thermal hydrolysis step to hydrolyze the sludge.

Mosquitoes are vectors for many dangerous diseases such as Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, West Nile, and those from Zika virus etc. Mosquito transmitted diseases occur mostly in tropical, developing countries and create public health crises due to lack of adequate resources and rapid transmission. Malaria took 429,000 lives in 2015 and the impending Zika crisis shows the need for effective mosquito control. Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Current mosquito control efforts focus on reducing the population of mosquitoes. The many mosquito control strategies such as using tarps to suffocate larvae, insecticides, genetic engineering, biocontrol using fish etc. have substantial drawbacks. These methods are environmentally hazardous, expensive, inefficient, hard to maintain, bulky, or energy intensive. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. They cannot breed in agitated water or running water. Thus, this patent describes water agitators that are environmentally safe, efficient, and cost-effective. In this patent, three water agitators prototypes are presented. They are self-sustaining, lightweight, mobile, and have minimal potential for misuse. The agitators consume solar energy. They are self propelling and do not require maintenance, such as changing parts. They are designed to be inexpensive, reusable, and mass-producible. These agitators can cover a much larger area of water compared to their size. They target small to large water areas. Agitators are versatile and can be used in flower vases, open rain jars, tire tracks, mining pits, small ponds etc.

Mosquitoes are vectors for many dangerous diseases such as Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, West Nile, and those from Zika virus etc. Mosquito transmitted diseases occur mostly in tropical, developing countries and create public health crises due to lack of adequate resources and rapid transmission. Malaria took 429,000 lives in 2015 and the impending Zika crisis shows the need for effective mosquito control. Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Current mosquito control efforts focus on reducing the population of mosquitoes. The many mosquito control strategies such as using tarps to suffocate larvae, insecticides, genetic engineering, biocontrol using fish etc. have substantial drawbacks. These methods are environmentally hazardous, expensive, inefficient, hard to maintain, bulky, or energy intensive. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. They cannot breed in agitated water or running water. Thus, this patent describes water agitators that are environmentally safe, efficient, and cost-effective. In this patent, three water agitators prototypes are presented. They are self-sustaining, lightweight, mobile, and have minimal potential for misuse. The agitators consume solar energy. They are self propelling and do not require maintenance, such as changing parts. They are designed to be inexpensive, reusable, and mass-producible. These agitators can cover a much larger area of water compared to their size. They target small to large water areas. Agitators are versatile and can be used in flower vases, open rain jars, tire tracks, mining pits, small ponds etc.

A medical device includes: a hollow body part formed in a predetermined bent shape; a head part provided at a tip portion thereof with a discharge port for discharging cleaning water and detachably coupled to a front end of the body part; a connection part connected to a shower hose and a rear end of the body part and provided with a control valve for controlling water supply, a water flow rate and a water pressure; a water purification tube built in the body part and provided with leakage preventing grilles at both ends thereof; and a purified water discharge part provided inside the head part and configured to remove foreign substances in the water by using a filter.

A method for treating effluent provides the effluent as an input to an apparatus having a vortex diode with aeration. The apparatus induces a cavitation assisted with aeration for the high rates of ammoniacal nitrogen in an orifice and the vortex diode with or without inserts/stabilizers to generate radicals, which reduce ammoniacal nitrogen of wastewater effectively during effluent treatments.

A method for treating effluent provides the effluent as an input to an apparatus having a vortex diode with aeration. The apparatus induces a cavitation assisted with aeration for the high rates of ammoniacal nitrogen in an orifice and the vortex diode with or without inserts/stabilizers to generate radicals, which reduce ammoniacal nitrogen of wastewater effectively during effluent treatments.

Sludge, for example primary sludge or waste activated sludge or both from a wastewater treatment plant, is pre-treated prior to anaerobic digestion. The pre-treatment includes an optional mechanical treatment to reduce the viscosity of the sludge and a biological hydrolysis treatment. The biological hydrolysis treatment may be performed in a series of reactors some of which are maintained at a temperature in the range of 50 to 70° C. The reactors provide a combined residence time in the range of 0.5 to 6 days. Optionally, measurements of the pH of the sludge during or after biological hydrolysis, or the production of biogas from a downstream anaerobic digester, may be considered in adjusting the temperature of one or more of the biological hydrolysis reactors.

Sterilization of a liquid substance is performed by causing cavitation in the liquid substance by stirring the liquid substance with a rotary blade of a suction stirring pump and generating plasma with a plasma generation mechanism in air bubbles generated in the liquid substance by the cavitation.

Sterilization of a liquid substance is performed by causing cavitation in the liquid substance by stirring the liquid substance with a rotary blade of a suction stirring pump and generating plasma with a plasma generation mechanism in air bubbles generated in the liquid substance by the cavitation.