Basalt selectively adsorbs organic toxic materials, such as dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, arsenic, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, lead, and the like, from substances such as sediment, which contains water and the toxic materials.

The present invention provides a method of reducing and controlling a hazardous substance in a process of high-value biological conversion of an urban organic waste. The method includes: 1) mixing a sludge, a first urban organic waste and an organic acid with water for acclimation to obtain an acclimatized sludge; 2) stage 1 of biological conversion: mixing the acclimatized sludge with a second urban organic waste to perform anaerobic culture; 3) stage 2 of biological conversion: adding nitrate and bacteria to continue anaerobic culture so as to obtain an organic acid. In the present invention, sludge microbes are acclimatized and then added to high-value chemicals such as acetic acid, propanoic acid and lactic acid prepared in biological conversion of the urban organic waste and then added with bacteria. Thus, by controlling pH value, microbe addition amount and nitrate concentration, the unfavorable effect of the antibiotics and heavy metal ions.

There is provided a system for sludge treatment, which system is arranged in a container adapted to be transported by a truck and comprises: a sludge inlet for receiving a sludge; a reactor comprising an electrical heating arrangement for heat treatment of the sludge, which reactor is arranged downstream the sludge inlet; a flashing arrangement for cooling sludge treated in the reactor and providing at least one steam fraction, which flashing arrangement is arranged downstream the reactor; a steam routing arrangement capable of routing the at least one steam fraction from the flashing arrangement to preheat sludge transported from the sludge inlet to the reactor; and a separation arrangement for separating the cooled sludge from the flashing arrangement into a first fraction and a second fraction, wherein the suspended solids content is higher in the first fraction than in the second fraction. A corresponding method is also provided.

A method for pathogen destruction in dilute sewage sludge or other dilute streams containing pathogens, including Helminth ova, while minimizing vapor generation and atmospheric emissions. In addition to conventional waste treatment steps, including grit removal, clarification, and concentration of waste material, vaporized waste treatment compounds are recycled to treat divert untreated waste in a scrubber. In the scrubber, waste material is treated while also acting as a reactive agent to scrub potentially hazardous or noxious gas, particularly gaseous MITC, from the treatment system. Recycling of vaporized treatment compounds provides a reduction of potentially toxic emissions and increased efficiency during treatment.

Various embodiments provide methods for removing a PFC by concentration and separation. In an exemplary method, a PFC in an aqueous solution or in a mixed water-organic solvent solution can be adsorbed onto a surface of a floc generated by electroflocculation, to form sludge. The sludge containing the PFC can be centrifuged to separate the PFC from the sludge and to form a concentrated PFC solution. Eelectroflocculation provides a simple process that is easy to operate. Reaction conditions are mild. Energy consumption is low. Treatment effect is desirable, stable, and reliable. Industrial application can be easy to implement. Further, the centrifugal separation technology used for the harmless treatment of the generated PFC-containing sludge is novel and does not need to use chemicals. Further, dewatering of the sludge is achieved at the same time during the harmless treatment. The needed equipment is simple and can be automatically operated.

A high-efficiency and multifunctional sludge conditioner and a preparation method thereof is disclosed. The preparation method includes: soaking and adsorbing bacterial cellulose in an alkaline solution, and then taking out the bacterial cellulose to carbonize and activate the same at 380-480 C. and in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain pretreated bacterial cellulose; and dispersing the pretreated bacterial cellulose in water, adding with an acrylamide monomer and an initiator for in-situ polymerization, and successively subjecting a reaction product to centrifugal separation, drying and crushing to obtain the high-efficiency and multifunctional sludge conditioner. In the present disclosure, the high-efficiency and multifunctional sludge conditioner only has a good flocculation sedimentation effect on the sludge, but also has a good adsorption effect on heavy metals in the water, thereby reducing the moisture content of the sludge and simultaneously reducing the content of the heavy metals and other harmful substances in the water body.

A cement composition based on a sulfoaluminate clinker is described, together with its use for agglomerating and inerting sediment/dredging sludge, and the relative inerting method and apparatus.

A method of pretreating wastewater sludge including applying an amount of at least 0.01 g/g TSS Ca(ClO).sub.2 to wastewater sludge to enhance digestibility of the sludge and reduce phosphorus concentration therein and then allowing sufficient time for the wastewater sludge to densify to a treated sludge having a specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of 3 to 4 (10.sup.10 m/Kg). The resulting treated sludge composition being sterilized, free of harmful bacteria, and useful as a fertilizer, particularly for growing mushrooms.

Technologies are described for a process for in situ treatment of contaminated soil(s), water, waste, sludge, wastewater, sediment, other contaminated matrix, or combination thereof. The process comprises applying a reactive or treatment material and an adjunct to the contaminated matrix or in a flow path of the contaminant in the matrix. The adjunct is controllably released into the matrix and contributes to the treatment of the soil(s), water, waste, sludge, wastewater, sediment, other contaminated matrix, or combination thereof.

Methods and apparatus for the treatment of animal waste are disclosed, together with a treated animal waste and fertilizer and growth media products derived therefrom.