In a water treatment system, a pretreatment chemical is added to water stream in a pretreatment process including a coagulation, flocculation and separation to reduce amount of dissolved and/or particulate matter in the water stream. Hydrophobic conditions in the water stream are monitored upstream or downstream from adding the pretreatment chemicals. Dosing of the pretreatment chemical to the water stream is controlled based on the monitored hydrophobic conditions. Thereby a membrane fouling in subsequent membrane filtration stage can be minimized.

Activated treated water that can be manufactured by an extremely simple method and with which activation treatment can be performed on water that has not undergone activation treatment without direct contact. Activated treated water that is clustered water that has undergone activation treatment and thereby formed small molecule groups, wherein the ratio FID/FID0 of the free induction decay (FID) (units being seconds) of a peak originating in the hydrogen atoms in the water molecules in the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for the activated treated water and the free induction decay FID0 (units being seconds) of a peak originating in the hydrogen atoms in the water molecules in the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for water that has not undergone activation treatment is 0.80 or less.

A method for treating a domestic supply water circuit, that comprises injecting a treatment product comprising silicates into the water flowing in said circuit in order to form a film on the inner surfaces of said circuit, characterised in that the injection of the treatment product comprises at least one step of injecting silicates at a concentration of between 100 and 200,000 milligrams per litre (mg/L) into the water flowing in said circuit for a period of between 10 minutes (min) and 24 hours (h), the flow rate of water flowing in the circuit being controlled within a range of between 0.05 and 100 litres per minute (L/min) and the temperature of water flowing in the circuit being controlled within a range of between 40 and 65 C.

A method of chlorinating drinking water on a ship with a production and distribution system includes a recirculation distribution network and device for injecting a chlorine compound generating free chlorine into the network in an injection point. A regimen set point is set for free chlorine concentration at the injection point between 0.4 and 1.2 mg/l. Free chlorine concentration is monitored proximate the injection point by a first probe. Free chlorine concentration at a point furthest from the injection point is monitored by a second probe. The chlorine compound is injected into the distribution network to maintain the free chlorine concentration at the regimen set point. Regimen chlorination is performed if the second probe does not detect free chlorine concentration variations from the regimen set or detects variations in concentration relative to the regimen set point lower than a safety limit and/or duration lower than a safety time limit.

An automated descaling system can be integrated into a tankless water heater or can be a separate system that is attached to a tankless water heater. The automatic descaling system comprises a cleaning media chamber and a four way valve with a motor. The descaling system can be set on an automatic cleaning schedule.

A filtration system for a pet water fountain is provided. The filtration system utilizes a pump placed within or along a watering bowl. The water filtration system also utilizes a multi-stage filtering device. In one aspect, the multi-stage filtering device includes a first filtering stage representing copper zinc alloy particles, and a second filtering stage representing granulated activated carbon particles. Each stage may constitute filtering material that is separated into an array of cells residing along a vertical frame or is separated into stages placed in series within a tubular cartridge. A method for filtering water in a pet fountain is also provided herein.

Laundry, industrial or food processing wastewater is purified to the degree that it can be reused. Water quality is ensured through the final process of reverse osmosis (RO) which removes dissolved contaminants such as mineral hardness, soils and residual detergents. The process combines a ceramic tubular cross-flow membrane filter to remove the suspended solids, oils and greases ahead of the RO. The RO process employs high temperature, low fouling membranes. This enables the RO process to operate sustainably, i.e. without fouling, plugging or membrane degradation.

A method, in particular for producing a cleaning fluid, comprising conveying an aqueous solution through a treatment device, in particular an electrochemical treatment device, which comprises an electrode pair through which the aqueous solution flows, in particular for the activation thereof.

In order to provide a simplified water treatment method, in particular for producing a cleaning fluid, the region between the electrodes of the electrode pair is configured such that it is open to intermixing, and in particular is free from a membrane or diaphragm.

Provided is an UFB generating apparatus and an UFB generating method capable of efficiently generating an UFB-containing liquid with high purity. The ultrafine bubble generating apparatus includes a generating unit that generates ultrafine bubbles in a liquid and a post-processing unit that performs predetermined post-processing on the ultrafine bubble-containing liquid generated by the generating unit. The generating unit generates the ultrafine bubbles by causing a heating element, which is provided in the liquid on which the pre-processing is performed, to generate heat to generate film boiling on an interface between the liquid and the heating element.

Provided is an UFB generating apparatus and an UFB generating method capable of efficiently generating an UFB-containing liquid with high purity. To this end, the ultrafine bubble generating apparatus includes a pre-processing unit that performs predetermined pre-processing on a liquid W and a generating unit that generates ultrafine bubbles in the liquid on which the pre-processing is performed. The generating unit generates the ultrafine bubbles by causing a heating element, which is provided in the liquid on which the pre-processing is performed, to generate heat to generate film boiling on an interface between the liquid and the heating element.