A counter-flow simultaneous heat and mass exchange device is operated by directing flows of two fluids into a heat and mass exchange device at initial mass flow rates where ideal changes in total enthalpy rates of the two fluids are unequal. At least one of the following state variables in the fluids is measured: temperature, pressure and concentration, which together define the thermodynamic state of the two fluid streams at the points of entry to and exit from the device. The flow rates of the fluids at the points of entry and/or exit to/from the device are measured; and the mass flow rate of at least one of the two fluids is changed such that the ideal change in total enthalpy rates of the two fluids through the device are brought closer to being equal.

The invention relates to methods, systems and apparatus for distributed management of raw water and internal combustion engine (ICE) gas emissions generated during industrial operations. One aspect of the invention at least partially utilizes a hot gas air knife to increase or partially increase surface area between a raw water and a hot gas in order to vaporize a proportion of the aqueous phase of the raw water and concentrate contaminants within a residual raw water concentrate. The water vapor generated by the vaporization process may be demisted, discharged directly to the atmosphere or alternatively condensed and captured for use. Another aspect relates to how the liquids and gasses interact to continuously flush the surfaces of the system which may help mitigate scaling issues. The invention may help facilitate rapid transfer of ICE combustion gas particulate and ICE combustion gas chemicals onto and into the raw water as it concentrates.

A method for appropriately controlling an aeration volume for activated sludge on which aeration treatment is conducted while DO of an activated sludge mixed liquor in an aeration tank is being adjusted to substantially 0 mg/l (ultralow DO treatment). The method includes the following steps. An aeration volume correlation (G=F(Gr)) between an aeration tank and a measuring device is acquired in advance. A sample of activated sludge mixed liquor taken during ultralow DO treatment operation is temporarily intensely aerated in the measuring device and then aeration is stopped. Based on temporal changes in the measuring device DO value, an oxygen consumption rate Rr and an equilibrium DO value C1 are calculated. An appropriate aeration volume G2* of the testing device is acquired by using an EaG relationship formula and the like obtained in advance. An appropriate aeration volume Gr2* of the aeration tank is obtained by using the relationship G=F(Gr).

Apparatus is disclosed for separating an amount of a substance from groundwater, comprising an elongate chamber (18) having an inlet (22) which is arranged in use to admit groundwater into the chamber near a lower first end (24). There is also a gas sparger (26) located near the first end (24) which admits gas into the chamber for inducing groundwater to flow from the first end (24) of the chamber toward a second end upper end, and for producing a froth layer (32) which rises above an interface with the groundwater including a concentrated amount of the substance. A suction hood (38) can be moved downward from the top of the chamber (18) into a position to collapse the froth layer (32) and to cause it to be removed from the well body (14). The suction hood (38) (acting as a froth depth regulation device) controls the amount of groundwater in the froth layer (32), which influences the concentration of the contaminant substance achieved in the froth layer (32).

A reactor based on a generation of aerobic granules in a continuous flow configuration, for biological treatment of biomass including urban or industrial wastewater, the reactor including, in succession, from upstream to downstream: an inlet for wastewater; a first head tank operated in feast mode and under anaerobic conditions; a second tank for performing a function of a biological selector for microorganisms which are favorable to formation of dense structures, operated in feast mode, and subdivided into two compartments, a first compartment being operated successively and alternately under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and vice versa, so that the biomass is exposed in a dynamic way to alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions respectively, and so as to prolong or extend anaerobiosis of the first head tank into the first compartment of the second tank.

An amount of a first reactant, such as degradable wastes like stool and toilet paper from waste disposal systems, is provided as a liquid influent to a reactor. A gaseous influent stream providing a second reactant, e.g., air, is also provided for reaction with the first reactant. The reaction produces a solvent-laden gaseous effluent that is removed. The reactor can include a plurality of thermophilic bacteria with the influent stream of air configured to aerate the biomass and enable aerobic digestion of wastes. Solvent in the removed effluent, e.g., water, can then be condensed and isolated therefrom. Condensate isolated in this manner has been shown in achieve at least 28 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 1.2 mg/L total suspended solids (TSS) from consumer human waste influent. The effluent can be recycled to achieve nearly the same rate of COD removal at greatly reduced power consumption.

An integrated equipment and treatment method for synchronous ecological treatment of domestic sewage and sludge, the equipment includes a one-piece box-shaped main body divided into several tank compartments which includes an anaerobic tank, a sludge reduction and denitrification tank, an aerobic tank, a sedimentation tank, and a disinfection tank, an inlet pipe for sewage and sludge entrance and an outlet pipe for exit of effluent after treatment. The sludge reduction and denitrification tank is equipped with variable microporous aeration pipes, worm fillers and multi-functional water quality online detectors. The aerobic tank is equipped with aeration pipeline components and DO online detectors. The sewage and sludge are guided to passing through the different tank compartments in order for simultaneous sewage treatment and sludge reduction. The removal rate of total nitrogen is as high as 85%, and the simultaneous reduction effect of sludge can reach more than 60%.

This application relates to an oxygen infusion module for a system and method of treating wastewater wherein an oxygen infusion system is used to supersaturate wastewater before aerobic biological processes, wherein oxygen is transferred to the wastewater free of oxygen bubbles and achieves a reduction in power demand for the aeration process of wastewater.

Provided is a biochar-anaerobic membrane biological treatment system and process. The system mainly includes a reaction tank, a membrane module, a macroporous gas distribution device, low-temperature pyrolysis biochar. The application of the process to sewage treatment shows that: under the conditions that the hydraulic retention time is 3.2-7.2 h, the membrane flux is 12.0-17.8 L/m.sup.2/h, and the sludge concentration of 7.2-15.6 g/L, multiple objectives of promoting organic micropollutants (OMPs) biotransformation, accelerating methane production and strengthening membrane fouling control were achieved. The system improved OMPs removal efficiency by more than 20%, decreased membrane fouling rate by 50%, and reaching an organic matter removal efficiency of more than 86% at low temperature. The system and process solve the problems of poor OMPs removal efficiency, serious membrane fouling, and low methane yield at low temperature in the anaerobic membrane biological treatment system.

A wastewater evaporation system for spray evaporating water comprising: a wastewater feed inlet; a pump, wherein the wastewater feed inlet is fluidly connected to the pump and wherein the pump is fluidly connected to an inlet of a manifold; a drip orifice, wherein the manifold is fluidly connected to the drip orifice; a container, wherein an upper portion of the container is enclosed with a demister element; a packing and/or tray system disposed within the container, wherein the drip orifice discharges water droplets onto the packing and/or tray system; a discharge outlet, wherein a bottom of the container is fluidly connected to the discharge outlet; and an air system, wherein the air system discharges air flow counter to the water droplets from the drip orifice is disclosed. A method of spray evaporating water while limiting emission of particles regulated as pollutants is also disclosed.