A chemical delivery system is provided. The chemical delivery system includes a strand of material having a plurality of chemical delivery tablets secured thereto. The strand of material can be inserted into a drain pipe opening and retained within the drain pipe by a retention disc and/or a removable cap. The chemical delivery tablets are measurably consumed as fluid or other condensate material flows through the drain pipe. The strand of material may then be readily replaced with a new strand on a period basis without necessitating disassembly of the pipe thereby preventing growth of algae or other organic material in the drain pipe.

A fluid sterilization apparatus includes: a flow passage tube in which a processing passage where a passing fluid is sterilized is formed; a first light source that irradiates the processing passage with ultraviolet light; an inflow passage formed in a direction that intersects an outer circumferential surface of the flow passage tube; and a communication passage that causes the inflow passage to communicate with the processing passage. The communication passage has a narrow passage in the middle of a path from the inflow passage toward an opening of a first end, the narrow passage being narrower than a passage toward the inflow passage.

A fluid decontamination apparatus is provided having a container body with a plurality of three-dimensional open structure (3DOS) substrates spaced about therein, wherein a contaminated fluid flowing through the container body will contact the 3DOS substrates. Nozzles can be inserted and secured within inlet apertures disposed about the container body, configured to inject the contaminated fluid with/without air to induce the occurrence of hydrodynamic cavitation. The substrates can be porous and permeable enabling the contaminated fluid to flow therethrough, wherein the fluid flow passageway through the pores extends the volume of contaminated fluid exposed to turbulent and cavitation inducing flow conditions. Moreover, the 3DOS substrates may be coated with one or more types of catalysts so as to initiate chemical reactions. As such, the extended exposure of the contaminated fluid to hydrodynamic cavitation forming conditions, along with the chemical reactions carried out on the porous surfaces, enable an increased number of toxic species and unwanted organic compounds to be destroyed and/or altered, thereby enhancing the decontamination of the flowing fluid.

A multi-stage anaerobic digester is designed to treat a high solids, stackable feedstock. The system may also receive a pumpable feedstock such as a slurry or sludge. In a first stage, the digestate circulates in one direction around a raceway such that the digestate may pass a feed inlet multiple times before leaving the first tank. An optional side stream loop withdraws fibrous material from near the top of the raceway and return digestate with chopped fibers, preferably lower and further along the raceway. An outlet from the raceway located near, but upstream of, the feed inlet discharges partially digested substrate to a second stage, which is operated as a stirred tank reactor. The two stages may be provided in a single tank with an internal wall separating a ring shaped outer portion from a cylindrical inner portion. The digester may be operated in a thermophilic temperature range.

A method for the desalination of water, carried out in one embodiment on the basis of a borehole (4) in permeable coastal land, in which two internal wells (5, 6) are interconnected at the bottom, by means of a membrane packet (9), disposed such that the supply flow provided via the borehole (4) flows in a downward direction by the suction of a motor pump (7) installed at a shallow depth inside the well (5), with an ascending flow, pouring same to the marine outlet and the diluted flow (permeate) drains from the membrane packets (9) to the second well (6), which is hollow and at atmospheric pressure, where a motor pump (8) extracts the permeate for the use thereof, while in another embodiment the membrane packets (15) may be disposed in ducts hanging from a floating platform anchored in the sea or other salty water.

A vessel for treating an oil-in-water inlet stream houses an inlet flow distributor arranged to direct an inlet flow toward a perforated baffle of a coalescing section, the coalescing section housing a packing and being arranged upstream of a second baffle; a flotation section arranged to receive a flow exiting the coalescing section and being divided by one or more perforated baffles; and an outlet water collecting pipe arranged to receive a flow exiting the flotation section, the outlet water collecting pipe having one or more openings located along its length. The coalescing section may be divided into two sections, with one section preferably housing a different pre-selected sized packing than the other section. The flotation section may include one or more gas-inducing devices. A solid baffle may be arranged downstream of the second baffle and ahead of the flotation section to provide single or dual flow through that section.

A fluid decontamination apparatus is provided having a container body with a plurality of three-dimensional open structure (3DOS) substrates spaced about therein, wherein a contaminated fluid flowing through the container body will contact the 3DOS substrates. Nozzles can be inserted and secured within inlet apertures disposed about the container body, configured to inject the contaminated fluid with/without air to induce the occurrence of hydrodynamic cavitation. The substrates can be porous and permeable enabling the contaminated fluid to flow therethrough, wherein the fluid flow passageway through the pores extends the volume of contaminated fluid exposed to turbulent and cavitation inducing flow conditions. Moreover, the 3DOS substrates may be coated with one or more types of catalysts so as to initiate chemical reactions. As such, the extended exposure of the contaminated fluid to hydrodynamic cavitation forming conditions, along with the chemical reactions carried out on the porous surfaces, enable an increased number of toxic species and unwanted organic compounds to be destroyed and/or altered, thereby enhancing the decontamination of the flowing fluid.

Method and system for separation of produced water into a water fraction, a solids fraction and a hydrocarbon fraction, comprising feeding produced water into a collapsible flexible bag maintained subsea by a protection structure; operating the flexible bag at an overpressure and thereby providing a predefined geometry of the flexible bag; maintaining the produced water in the flexible bag to allow for gravitational separation of the solids fraction with a higher density than water in a lower section and optionally separation of the hydrocarbon fraction with a lower density than water in an upper section; removing the water fraction from a section above the lower section; optionally removing hydrocarbons from the upper section and replacing the flexible bag to remove the solids fraction.

A vessel for treating an oil-in-water inlet stream houses an inlet flow distributor arranged to direct an inlet flow toward a perforated baffle of a coalescing section, the coalescing section housing a packing and being arranged upstream of a second baffle; a flotation section arranged to receive a flow exiting the coalescing section and being divided by one or more perforated baffles; and an outlet water collecting pipe arranged to receive a flow exiting the flotation section, the outlet water collecting pipe having one or more openings located along its length. The coalescing section may be divided into two sections, with one section preferably housing a different pre-selected sized packing than the other section. The flotation section may include one or more gas-inducing devices. A solid baffle may be arranged downstream of the second baffle and ahead of the flotation section to provide single or dual flow through that section.

A method for disinfecting a fluid includes emitting UV light into a flowing fluid pillar along its axial direction. The flowing fluid pillar is surrounded by and in contact with a fluid medium having a refractive index lower than that of the fluid to be disinfected so that total internal reflection occurs when the UV light travels within the flowing fluid pillar. Also provided is a UV disinfector for disinfecting a flowing fluid.