Described herein is aerobic granular sludge gravity-driven membrane system, methods of making and using thereof are described. The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) integrated with a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration system is an energy efficient wastewater treatment system that takes advantage of AGS reactor systems integrated with gravity-driven membrane system to reduce membrane fouling and produce microbiologically and chemically safe water. The AGS-GDM system includes at least an AGS reactor tank containing raw wastewater and granular sludge and a membrane tank including one or more gravity-driven membrane(s).

The invention relates to a method of filtering wastewater, the method including the steps ofmicro filtering a wastewater input of said wastewater in at least one micro-filter (MF) thereby splitting the wastewater input into a first retentate stream (FRS) comprising organic compounds and a first permeate stream (FPS), on the basis of said first permeate stream (FPS) or a derivative thereof establishing a reverse osmosis input stream (ROIS), on the basis of said reverse osmosis input stream (ROIS) performing a reverse osmosis filtering by a reverse osmosis filter (ROF) thereby establishing a reverse osmosis retentate stream (RORS) and a reverse osmosis permeate stream (ROPS), and wherein said wastewater comprises one or more side streams of an industrial process.

An ion removal system includes: an ion removal device including a hard water storage configured to store hard water and a fine bubble generator configured to generate a fine bubble to supply the hard water storage with the fine bubble, for removing a metal ion from the hard water by adsorbing the metal ion in the hard water to the fines bubble in the hard water storage and crystallizing and precipitating the adsorbed metal ion; and a particle feeder configured to bring a particle containing a same element as that of the metal ion into the hard water at a feeding point, the feeding point being located upstream of the hard water storage or located in the hard water storage.

Computer-implemented methods and systems for intelligently controlling a reverse osmosis (RO) machine. The method (which can be executed by a system) can include a processor(s) determining variables related to operation of the membranes of an RO machine by measuring, over time, operating limits of the membranes. The processor(s) can iteratively determine variables (e.g., measured and inferred) related to operation of the membranes by applying an iterative mathematical model to determine a portion of the inferred variables. The portion includes one or more critical variables that cannot be measured directly. The processor(s) determines, based on the variables, an upper limit and a lower limit for various control parameters within the RO machine; control parameters are controlled by active components of the RO machine. The processor(s) derives, for each of the various control parameters, an adjustment. Implementing the adjustment obtains optimal permeate recovery in the RO machine within the operating limits.

A water treatment system includes: a first vessel having adsorbent materials that form a filtering bed; a second vessel in fluid communication with the first vessel and which includes adsorbent materials that form a filtering bed; an underdrain collection system having ring headers formed below the first and second vessel; a liquid control system in fluid communication with the first vessel, the second vessel, and the underdrain collection system; adsorbent material influent lines; water wash-down lines; raw water lines; and adsorbent material effluent lines, each adsorbent material effluent line having an inlet attached to a bottom of the first or second vessel and an outlet that extends out from the first or second vessel and which is positioned above the ring headers of the underdrain collection system.